Publication: Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde (1861 – 1876) sosyo-kültürel değişim ve etkileri : istanbul örneği
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Date
2024
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Abstract
Bu doktora tezinde, Osmanlı Devleti’nin gerilemekte olduğu bir dönemde tahta çıkan Sultan Abdülaziz’in (1861 – 1876) saltanat yıllarında devleti yeniden ileri taşımak ve Avrupa devletleriyle arasındaki açığı kapatmak üzere gerçekleştirilen modernleşme girişimlerinin bir sonucu olarak ve toplumun kendi dinamiklerinin zorlamasıyla ortaya çıkan sosyal ve kültürel değişimler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.Onbeş yıllık bir süreyi kapsayan Sultan Abdülaziz dönemi, devletin malî, askerî ve idarî bakımlardan ciddi zaafa uğradığının farkındalığıyla, buradan çıkış için çareler aradığı bir dönemdi. Devlet bir yandan kendisini düştüğü yerden kaldıracak bir hamle arıyor, diğer yandan güçsüzlüğünden yararlanarak nüfuzlarını arttırmak için birbiriyle rekabet eden Avrupa devletlerinin iç işlerine müdahaleleriyle uğraşıyordu. Bu sırada devletin kontrolu dışında bir takım sosyal ve toplumsal gelişmeler de yaşanıyordu. Yabancılarla özellikle Kırım Savaşı’ndan sonra artan sosyal ve toplumsal ilişkiler halka yeni davranış ve alışkanlıklar edindiriyor, geleneksel olan gözden düşüyor, sosyal ve kültürel algılar ve ‘doğru’lar değişiyor, roller ve ilişkiler ileride daha farklı şekillerde yeniden yapılanmak üzere çözülüyordu. Değişim ve yenileşmeler bazen de daha önceden var olmayan bir takım sosyal sorunlara yol açabiliyor, ya da mevcut sosyal sorunların kronikleşmesine neden olabiliyordu. Ulaşımın, haberleşme araçlarının ve basının gelişmesi ise tüm bu değişim sürecini daha da hızlandırıyor, karmaşıklaştırıyor ve yönetmeyi iyice zorlaştırıyordu.Bu çalışmada söz konusu değişim süreci üç ana başlıkta incelenmiştir. Birinci bölümde Sultan Abdülaziz’in şahsiyeti ve yönetimi ile bu dönemdeki ıslahat çalışmalarına genel hatlarıyla bakılmıştır. İkinci bölümde sosyal ve toplumsal hayata ilişkin düzenlemeler, yenilikler ve değişim ele alınmış, üçüncü bölümde ise sosyal, kültürel ve gündelik hayatta görülen sorunlar irdelenmiştir. Kısacası, bu çalışma modernleşmek ve ilerlemek isterken ayağının altındaki zemin kayan köklü bir devlet ile onun görmüş geçirmiş toplumunun ayakta kalma mücadelesine bir kapı aralamaya çalışmaktadır.
In this dissertation, social and cultural transformation resulting from modernization attempts in Sultan Abdülaziz era (1861 – 1876), who was throned while the empire’s power was declining, in order to level up with European countries reconstructing the long-erosioned power of the state and social changes as consequences of society’s self dynamics have been analyzed briefly.With awareness of the state’s administrative and financial deficiencies, in Sultan Abdulaziz era, which longed fifteen years only, the Sultan and his cabinet were leading attemts to modernize the country to regain its power that has been lost in the past years. While they were looking for improvements to elevate the state from its weakened position, they were also handling European empires’ increasing interferences in domestic affairs as they were competing with each other to take advantage of the weakened Ottoman Empire and enlarging their influence over its wide geography. Meanwhile, some domestic and social changes were happening outside of state’s control. Increasing relationships with foreigners, especially after Crimean War, were introducing new behaviour, tastes and habits, ‘traditional’ was losing favor, social and cultural perceptions and concepts of right or wrong were changing, social roles and relationships were disengaging to be re-engaged later in a different form. Sometimes these changes were leading to either unforeseen social obstacles or deepening some existing social problems. Developments in communication, transportation and journalizm were adding time pressure and compexity to this transformation and making the change management extremely difficult.In this study, social changes during 1861 – 1876 were analyzed from three aspects: In the first chapter, a summary of Sultan Abdulaziz’s profile, his leadership and the modernization attempts while he was in power were reviewed briefly. The following chapter had an overview of policies deployed at that time governing civil and social life. Finally in the third chapter the changes in social, cultural and daily life have been analyzed as well as problems and conflicts caused by these changes. In a nutshell, this study has been prepared in hope of inspiring further and thorough analysis on the struggle of a grand empire and its sophisticated public that were slipping over its ground while striving for modernization to rise again.
In this dissertation, social and cultural transformation resulting from modernization attempts in Sultan Abdülaziz era (1861 – 1876), who was throned while the empire’s power was declining, in order to level up with European countries reconstructing the long-erosioned power of the state and social changes as consequences of society’s self dynamics have been analyzed briefly.With awareness of the state’s administrative and financial deficiencies, in Sultan Abdulaziz era, which longed fifteen years only, the Sultan and his cabinet were leading attemts to modernize the country to regain its power that has been lost in the past years. While they were looking for improvements to elevate the state from its weakened position, they were also handling European empires’ increasing interferences in domestic affairs as they were competing with each other to take advantage of the weakened Ottoman Empire and enlarging their influence over its wide geography. Meanwhile, some domestic and social changes were happening outside of state’s control. Increasing relationships with foreigners, especially after Crimean War, were introducing new behaviour, tastes and habits, ‘traditional’ was losing favor, social and cultural perceptions and concepts of right or wrong were changing, social roles and relationships were disengaging to be re-engaged later in a different form. Sometimes these changes were leading to either unforeseen social obstacles or deepening some existing social problems. Developments in communication, transportation and journalizm were adding time pressure and compexity to this transformation and making the change management extremely difficult.In this study, social changes during 1861 – 1876 were analyzed from three aspects: In the first chapter, a summary of Sultan Abdulaziz’s profile, his leadership and the modernization attempts while he was in power were reviewed briefly. The following chapter had an overview of policies deployed at that time governing civil and social life. Finally in the third chapter the changes in social, cultural and daily life have been analyzed as well as problems and conflicts caused by these changes. In a nutshell, this study has been prepared in hope of inspiring further and thorough analysis on the struggle of a grand empire and its sophisticated public that were slipping over its ground while striving for modernization to rise again.
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Sultan Abdülaziz, İstanbul, Beyoğlu, Boğaziçi, Modernleşme, Yenileşme, Toplumsal Hayat, Sosyal Hayat, Gündelik Yaşam, Kültürel Değişim, Toplumsal Değişim, Toplumsal Yenileşme, Toplumsal Çözülme, Sosyal Sorunlar Sultan Abdülaziz, İstanbul, Pera, Bosphorus, Modernization, Reconstruction, Public Life, Social Life, Daily Life, Social Change, Cultural Change, Social Transformation, Social Modernization, Social Degeneration, Social Problems