9 Eurasian Research in Sport Science • Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları • ERISS • Cilt 7, Sayı 1 • Haziran 2022, ISSN 2636-8269, ss. 9-20 • DOI: 10.29228/ERISS.18 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE Makale Gönderim Tarihi: 13.04.2022 Yayına Kabul Tarihi: 25.06.2022 The Relationship of Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Scullers and Sweep Rowers with Their Sprint Performance Parameters Elit Tek ve Çift Kürekçilerin Antropometrik Özelliklerinin Performans Parametreleriyle İlişkisi Fatih SANİ 1 * İrfan GÜLMEZ 2 ** Semih YILMAZ 3 *** Cansel CUMBUR 4 **** Aytekin SOYKAN 5 ***** Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU 6 ****** Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the anthropometric features of the elite scullers and sweep rowers on their sports performance. A total of 31 licensed elite male rowing athletes, 10 scullers (age: 21,70 ± 3,30 years; height: 184,2 ± 6,11 cm; weight: 75,28 ± 6,78 kg) and 21 sweep oar rowers (age: 20,95 ± 2,50 years; height: 190,19 ± 5,71 cm; weight: 88,31 ± 8,83 kg), aged between 18 and 26 years with at least 5 years of rowing experience voluntarily participated in the study. In order to determine the rowing performance of the athletes, Oartec rowing simulation machine (Oartec Pty Ltd. Australia) was used. With the help of this simulator, 500 meters sweep * Dr., Marmara Üniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey, fsani@marmara.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-7437-7420 ** Assoc. Prof., Marmara Üniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey, irfan.gulmez@marmara.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0001-6774-104 Assoc. Prof., Marmara Üniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey, irfan.gulmez@marmara.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0001-6774-104 *** Assoc. Prof., Marmara Üniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey, semihyilmaz@marmara.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0001-8117-1845 **** Lecturer, Marmara Üniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey, cansel.kala@marmara.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-7479-209 ***** Prof. Dr., Marmara Üniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey, asoykan@marmara.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-5835-4982 ****** Prof. Dr., Marmara Üniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey, nramazanoglu@marmara.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-8056-8194 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7437-7420 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-1845 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5835-4982 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8056-8194 Fatih SANİ • İrfan GÜLMEZ • Semih YILMAZ • Cansel CUMBUR • Aytekin SOYKAN • Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU 10 oar and sculling events were performed race conditions. The data for mean power produced, finish time, stroke number and rate as well as mean speed values were collected from the rowing simulator machine. Before the test, the weight and lean body mass values of the athletes were measured using Tanita SC330 Body Analyzer. The effects of the height, arm span, sitting height, and leg length on performance parameters of the athletes participating in the study were measured. In this study, it was found that the anthropometric values ​​(height, weight, BMI, arm span, leg length and lean body mass) of the sweep rowers are greater than scullers, which positively affects the performances of the sweep rowers. Keywords: Rowing, anthropometry, performance, oartec rowing simulator Öz Bu çalışmanın amacı, çift ve tek kürek branşında elit düzeyde yarışmacı olan kürek sporcularının bazı antropometrik özelliklerinin sportif performans üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya en az 5 yıl ve üzerinde 18-26 yaş arasında 10 çift kürek çeken (yaş;21,70±3,30 yıl, boy; 184,20±6,11 cm., vücut ağırlığı; 75,28±6,78 kg.) 21 tek kürek çeken (yaş; 20,95±2,50 yıl, boy; 190,19±5,71 cm., vücut ağırlığı; 88,31±8,83 kg.) toplamda 31 lisanslı elit düzeyde kürek sporcusu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Kürek çekiş performansının tespiti için Oartec kürek simülasyon aleti (Oartec Pty Ltd. Avustralya) kullanılmıştır. Simülasyon aleti yardımıyla 500 metre mesafede çift ve tek kürek çekme işlemi yarışma şartlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kürek simülasyon aletinde ortalama üretilen güç, bitiriş süresi, kürek sayısı, ortama tempo, ortalama hız verileri elde edilmiştir. Test öncesi sporcuların kilo, yağsız vücut kitlesi ölçümleri Tanita SC330 Vücut Analiz cihazı yardımıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan sporcuların boy, kol açıklığı, oturma yüksekliği, bacak boyu değerleri ile performans parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Araştırmamızda tek kürek çeken sporcuların antropometrik değerlerinin (boy, kilo, vücut kitle indeksi, kol açıklığı, bacak uzunluğu ve yağsız vücut kütlesi) çift kürek çeken sporculara nazaran daha iyi olduğu ve bu durumun da performans değerlerine olumlu olarak yansıdığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kürek, antropometri, performans, oartec rowing simulator INTRODUCTION Rowing is a cyclic sport requiring aerobic and anaerobic capacity where endurance is at the forefront in order to move a boat through the water (Akça, 2014; Gee et al., 2012; Zainuddin, Umar, Razman and Shaharudin, 2019; Sebastia-Amat, Penichet-Tomas, Jimenez-Olmedo and Pueo, 2020). The fundamental principle of the rowing branch, accepted as the fastest water sport in the modern Olympic Games, is to move the boat in the fastest way with the help of rowing (Arslanoğlu et al., 2020). Moreover, the fact that the Olympic competition distance of this sport is 2000 meter complicates the performance demand of this maximum-speed-requiring sport (Soper and Hume, 2004). During each rowing movement, the athlete applies the maximum force he can produce in accordance with the coordination of the movement, since the finish time of the race is a critical performance measure that is determined with the average speed of the boat (Benson, Abendroth, King and Swensen, 2011). The legs, body and arms of the rowers must work in optimum coordination throughout the entire rowing movement. The feet of the rowers are attached to the stretcher, which is fixed in the boat. With their hands holding the oar handle, rowers perform drive and recovery movements (Černe, Kamnik and Munih, M, 2011; Metikos, Mikulic, Sarabon and Markovic, 2015). They perform this movements during the competition at a stroke rate between 32 and 40 strokes per minute (Martindale and Robertson, 1984). When this movement sequence is examined from a mechanical point of view, it appears that the synchronization of all body segments has an important role. The defining feature Eurasian Research in Sport Science • Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları • ERIS • Cilt 7, Sayı 1 • Haziran 2022, ss. 9-20 11 of the coordination is the evaluation of the forces produced by the arms, legs and body during rowing (Hill, 2002). In addition, in order for the athletes to perform these synchronization features in rowing, technical-tactical understanding should be considered first, and structural and physiological factors of the body next (Gee et al., 2012). Rowing competitions with single, double, quad and eight scullers last between 5.5 and 8 minutes, depending on each athlete’s sculling and sweep rowing discipline, and the boats have an average speed of about 5.3–6.0 m/s. The performance of the rowers depends on the combined use of high levels of aerobic and anaerobic systems (Domínguez et al., 2020; Benson et al., 2011; Hill, 2002). In order to measure the performances of the rowers, the tests are performed both on dry land and in water. Rowing ergometer comes to the forefront among the tests performed on land. It is used in two ways: as static and as dynamic rower (Zainuddin et al., 2019). While one type of ergometer is suitable for rowing only, regardless of the discipline (sweep rowing or sculling), another type simulates sculling or sweep rowing branches specifically. These ergometers, which can simulate sweep rowing or sculling, allow athletes to perform the movements similar to those on the boat. Therefore, the data from both types of ergometers are intended to evaluate the overall performance of the athletes. Anthropometric features and body composition of the athletes play an important role in rowing along with other mechanical and physiological factors. The body mass, body shape, length of body parts, musculature, body composition and physical activity levels affect motor abilities of the athletes (Podstawski et al., 2019; Sebastia-Amat et al., 2020; Fohanno, Nordez, Smith and Colloud, 2015). Physical parameters such as body mass and height contribute to absolute muscle strength; however, physiological capacity and endurance are related to training of the athletes (Vanderburgh and Laubach, 2008). In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of some anthropometric characteristics of rowing athletes, who are elite competitors in sculling and sweep rowing disciplines, on their sportive performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 31 licensed elite male rowing athletes, 10 scullers (age: 21,70 ± 3,30 years; height: 184,2 ± 6,11 cm; weight: 75,28 ± 6,78 kg) and 21 sweep oar rowers (age: 20,95 ± 2,50 years; height: 190,19 ± 5,71 cm; weight: 88,31 ± 8,83 kg), aged between 18 and 26 years with at least 5 years of rowing experience voluntarily participated in this study (Table 3). The study was approved by Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee (protocol number; 092018.458, date; 01.06.2018) and was supported by Marmara University Scientific Research Projects Unit (BAPKO) with project no. SAG-C-DRP-241.018.0577. The subjects were informed about the investigation prior to signing an institutionally approved informed consent document to participate in the study according to the principles defined in Declaration of Helsinki. Fatih SANİ • İrfan GÜLMEZ • Semih YILMAZ • Cansel CUMBUR • Aytekin SOYKAN • Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU 12 Data Collection Method Oartec Rowing Simulator (Oartec Pty Ltd. Australia) was used in order to determine the performance of the rowing strokes. Sculling and sweep rowing tests were performed under competition conditions using this simulator. The athletes were first tested with regards to their competition specialty branch (scullers or sweep oar rowers). The mean power, finish time, rowing stroke, mean stroke rate and speed values were obtained from the simulator, while baseline, maximal and resting heart rate (at 3 and 5 min) values recorded using the Polar Heart Rate Monitor Watch (S625X). A 10-minute rest period was provided between first and second (sculling or sweep oars rowing) tests. The pre-test warm-up and the resting protocol is shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1. Pre-test warm-up protocol Warm-up Duration Test procedures Jogging slowly 5 min Avg. 120-130 heart rate (HR max. percentage about 60-65%)* Active warm-up exercises 5 min Low-intensity, active movements Arm, leg, back, abdominal muscle – joint mobility Pre-test warm-up on the rowing ergometer 5 min Moderate rowing Avg.140-150 heart rate (HR max. percentage about 70-75%)* Branch-specific stretching 3 min Stretching Arm, leg, back, abdominal muscles *Estimated maximum heart rate calculated as 220 – age Table 2. Resting protocol between the tests Warm-up Duration Test procedures Cool down on the rowing ergometer post-test 3 min Slow paced rowing (<120 heart rate) Stretching 5 min Standing and sitting positions Passive rest/relaxing 2 min Free The body weight, lean body mass, body muscle mass, body mass index (BMI) measurements of the athletes were determined using Tanita SC330 Body Composition Analyzer before the test. The height, arm span, sitting height, and leg length values ​​of the athletes participating in the study were measured metrically, and the ages as well as rowing ages of the athletes were noted. Data Evaluation Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the performances and anthropometric characteristics of the athletes, while the Wilcoxon t-test was used for the in-group evaluation of the sculling and sweep oar rowing athletes. Also, Kendall’s tau-b correlation analysis was used to compare the performances and anthropometric values of the athletes. Eurasian Research in Sport Science • Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları • ERIS • Cilt 7, Sayı 1 • Haziran 2022, ss. 9-20 13 RESULTS Demographic and anthropometric data of the athletes obtained in the study are shown in Table 3, and their performance values are provided in Table 4. Table 3. Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the athletes participating in the study Rowing Branches Scullers N = 10 Sweep Oar Rowers N = 21 Total N = 31 Parameters Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Age (years) 21,70 ± 3,30 20,95 ± 2,50 21,19 ± 2,75 Height (cm) 184,20 ± 6,11 190,19±5,71 188,26 ± 6,40 Weight (kg) 75,28 ± 6,78 88,31 ± 8,83 84,11 ± 10,21 BMI (kg/cm2) 22,09 ± 1,88 24,45 ± 2,53 23,69 ± 2,57 Arm span (cm) 183,55 ± 6,74 193,71 ± 7,10 190,44 ± 8,40 Leg Length (cm) 93,50 ± 4,06 99,71 ± 4,93 97,71 ± 5,47 Sitting height (cm) 96,00 ± 3,84 97,82 ± 4,01 97,24 ± 3,98 Rowing age (years) 7,90 ± 4,20 6,29 ± 2,17 6,81 ± 3,01 Sports age (years) 9,80 ± 4,78 7,81 ± 2,71 8,45 ± 3,56 Lean body mass (kg) 71,01 ± 4,96 79,81 ± 7,66 76,97 ± 8,00 M: Mean SD: Standart Deviation Table 4. Performance values of the athletes participating in the study Rowers Scullers N = 10 Sweep Oar Rowers N = 21 Total N = 31 Parameters Branches Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD p Average power (Watt) Sculling 556,53 ± 39,42 589,40 ± 44,37 578,79 ± 44,97 0,069 Sweep Rowing 527,97 ± 34,78 552,58 ± 43,93 544,64 ± 42,26 0,118 p 0,022 0,010 0,001 Finish time (minute) Sculling 1,23 ± 0,05 1,19 ± 0,05 1,21 ± 0,05 0,072 Sweep Rowing 1,27 ± 0,05 1,23 ± 0,06 1,24 ± 0,06 0,082 p 0,008 0,022 0,001 Stroke (number) Sculling 47,1 ± 1,91 45,1 ± 3,17 45,8 ± 2,94 0,074 Sweep Rowing 50,7 ± 2,54 49,2 ± 3,75 49,7 ± 3,44 0,296 p 0,007 0,000 0,000 Stroke rate (minute/stroke) Sculling 33,9 ± 1,41 33,7 ± 1,69 33,8 ± 1,58 0,767 Sweep Rowing 34,9 ± 1,58 35,2 ± 2,45 35,1 ± 2,18 0,866 p 0,022 0,005 0,001 Average speed (m/ sec) Sculling 6,01 ± 0,40 6,28 ± 0,41 6,19 ± 0,42 0,104 Sweep Rowing 5,76 ± 0,33 6,01 ± 0,42 5,93 ± 0,41 0,128 p 0,008 0,023 0,001 Fatih SANİ • İrfan GÜLMEZ • Semih YILMAZ • Cansel CUMBUR • Aytekin SOYKAN • Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU 14 Average speed (km/h) Sculling 21,65 ± 1,44 22,61 ± 1,47 22,30 ± 1,50 0,099 Sweep Rowing 20,72 ± 1,19 21,64 ± 1,51 21,34 ± 1,46 0,128 p 0,007 0,022 0,001 Baseline heart rate 1st test 101,7 ± 7,13 101,5 ± 10,30 101,5 ± 9,28 0,800 2nd test 105,0 ± 6,88 103,8 ± 7,24 104,2 ± 7,03 0,525 p 0,041 0,014 0,002 Maximal heart rate 1st test 176,8 ± 6,88 184,0 ± 9,40 181,7 ± 9,22 0,029 2nd test 178,8 ± 6,16 184,5 ± 9,16 182,7 ± 8,65 0,072 p 0,200 0,762 0,324 Resting heart rate (at 3 min) 1st test 105,5 ± 15,88 113,7 ± 15,52 111,1 ± 15,86 0,69 2nd test 109,4 ± 17,26 119,4 ± 19,01 116,2 ± 18,78 0,150 p 0,011 0,014 0,001 Resting heart rate (at 5 min) 1st test 98,4 ± 15,01 105,1 ± 15,46 103,0 ± 15,40 0,245 2nd test 103,5 ± 15,52 108,5 ± 17,96 106,9 ± 17,11 0,363 p 0,009 0,097 0,006 M: Mean SD: Standart Deviation When the performance values of the athletes who participated in the study who rowed double rowed and those who rowed alone, there was no statistical difference (p>0,05). A statistical difference was found in all other features except maximal heart rate during double rowing and single rowing of double rowing athletes. (p<0,05). A statistical difference was found in all features except maximal heart rate and resting heart rate (at 5 min) during double rowing and single rowing of single rowing athletes (p< 0,05). Table 5. Relationships between anthropometric characteristics and some performance parameters of scullers Average Power of Sculling Average Power of Sweep Oars Finish Time of Sculling Finish Time of Sweep Oars Stroke of Sculling Stroke of Sweep Oars Average Speed of Sculling Average Speed of Sweep Oars Age r p 0,613* 0,017 -0,596* 0,022 -0,532* 0,049 0,613* 0,017 Height r p -0,523* 0,038 0,506* 0,046 0,586* 0,026 -0,523* 0,038 BMI r p 0,539* 0,031 -0,523* 0,038 0,539* 0,031 Average Power of Sculling r p 0,600* 0,016 -0,989** 0,000 -0,659** 0,009 -0,597* 0,022 1,000** 0,000 0,629* 0,012 Average Power of Sweep Oars r p -0,629* 0,012 -0,796** 0,002 0,600* 0,016 0,764** 0,002 Eurasian Research in Sport Science • Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları • ERIS • Cilt 7, Sayı 1 • Haziran 2022, ss. 9-20 15 Finish Time of Sculling r p 0,690** 0,007 0,604* 0,021 -0,989** 0,000 -0,659** 0,009 Finish Time of Sweep Oars r p 0,548* 0,035 -0,659** 0,009 -0,989** 0,000 Stroke of Sculling r p -0,597* 0,022 Stroke of Sweep Oars r p -0,518* 0,045 Average Speed of Sculling r p 0,629* 0,012 Statistically significant difference at *p < 0,05; ** p < 0,01. Table 6. Relationships between anthropometric characteristics and some performance parameters of sweep oars rowers Average Power of Sculling Average Power of Sweep Oars Finish Time of Sculling Finish time of Sweep Oars Stroke of Sculling Stroke of Sweep Oars Average Speed of Sculling Average Speed of Sweep Oars Age r p 0,401* 0,018 Leg Lenght r p 0,416** 0,010 -0,405* 0,013 -0,453** 0,006 0,426** 0,008 Weight r p -0,354* 0,032 Lean Body Mass r p -0,349* 0,034 -0,378* 0,020 Average Power of Sculling r p -0,974** 0,000 -0,564** 0,001 0,981** 0,000 Average Power of Sweep Oars r p -0,930** 0,000 -0,416* 0,010 0,933** 0,000 Finish Time of Sculling r p 0,553** 0,001 -0,974** 0,000 Finish Time of Sweep Oars r p 0,410* 0,013 -0,978** 0,000 Stroke of Sculling r p 0,419* 0,013 -0,564** 0,001 Stroke of Sweep Oars r p -0,436** 0,007 Statistically significant difference at *p < 0,05; ** p < 0,01. Fatih SANİ • İrfan GÜLMEZ • Semih YILMAZ • Cansel CUMBUR • Aytekin SOYKAN • Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU 16 Table 7. The relationships between the anthropometric characteristics and some performance parameters of the rowers participating in the study Average Power of Sculling Average Power of Sweep Oars Finish Time of Sculling Finish Time of Sweep Oars Stroke of Sculling Stroke of Sweep Oars Average Speed of Sculling Average Speed of Sweep Oars Weight r p -0,326* 0,013 Lean Body Mass r p 0,276* 0,030 -0,271* 0,036 -0,302* 0,019 -0,314* 0,017 -0,343** 0,009 0,279* 0,028 BMI r p -0,291* 0,028 Leg Lenght r p 0,302* 0,019 -0,308* 0,018 -0,350** 0,009 0,300* 0,020 Average Power of Sculling r p 0,290* 0,022 -0,966** 0,000 -0,329* 0,011 -0,561** 0,000 -0,285* 0,030 0,964** 0,000 0,310* 0,014 Average Power of Sweep Oars r p -0,307* 0,017 -0,878** 0,000 -0,425** 0,001 0,297* 0,019 0,865** 0,000 Finish Time of Sculling r p 0,350** 0,008 0,553** 0,000 0,293* 0,029 -0,976** 0,000 -0,332* 0,010 Finish Time of Sweep Oars r p 0,464** 0,001 -0,332* 0,010 -0,976** 0,000 Stroke of Sculling r p 0,413** 0,003 -0,542** 0,000 Stroke of Sweep Oars r p -0,283* 0,032 -0,469** 0,000 Average Speed of Sculling r p 0,317* 0,012 Statistically significant difference at *p < 0,05; ** p < 0,01. DISCUSSION This study was performed to investigate the effects of some anthropometric characteristics of rowing athletes, who are elite competitors in sculling and sweep rowing branches, on their sportive performance. Rowing ergometers are widely used indoors for on-land performance measurements of the rowing athletes. There are two types of ergometers according to their rowing style. The kinematics of the first one consists of a movable seat and a footrest similar to those of boats. In this device, instead of paddles, the handle, which moves back and forth in a plane, is connected to a wheel that creates air or water resistance with the help of a chain cable. This ergometer system does not allow sculling and sweep rowing movements specifically in rowing (Filippeschi et al., 2012). The second form of rowing ergometer is the rowing simulator, which allows sculling and sweep rowing similar to the pulling technique on the boat. This simulator is used in technical training on land as well as to measure performances according to the branches of the athletes. This creates a positive skill transfer to the rowing technique on the boat (Rauter et al., 2013). In our study, a rowing simulator, especially Eurasian Research in Sport Science • Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları • ERIS • Cilt 7, Sayı 1 • Haziran 2022, ss. 9-20 17 suitable for sculling and sweep rowing technique, was used. Therefore, this simulator provided the opportunity to perform tests similar to the movement pattern of the athletes in the water. It was stated by Mikulic (2009) and Sulaiman et al. (2016) that the height of the rowers is an important factor directly affecting their performance, and that taller rowers and those who have more lean body mass have also an advantage over their smaller and lighter peers in terms of their performance. In our study, there was a correlation between body weight, lean body mass, body mass index and performance parameters (Tablo 7). It is known that the number of rowing strokes decreases as the athletes’ height increases, which allows the blade to sweep more area in the water. Therefore, greater values of the heights, arm spans, and leg lengths can have a positive effect on the rowing performance of the athletes. In this study, height, body weight, arm span, leg length values ​​and the performance parameters of the scullers and sweep rowers were compared, and it was concluded that the results were greater in favor of sweep rowers. Examining the effect of sitting height on performance, no significant relationship was found among those values (Table 5 and 6), which is similar to the study conducted by Sulaiman et al. (2016). In our study, it was determined that there was a correlation between the lean body mass values when compared with the average power produced and the finish time of the test (Table 7), which are similar to those in the literature. For example, Majumdar et al. (2017) showed that the body weight of the athletes was significantly related to their performance, and that the athletes with a higher body weight were able to complete the parkour in a shorter time than the lighter athletes did. It has also been reported in the literature that rowers with more lean body mass and muscle mass are associated with better 2000-meter performance time (Huang et al., 2007; Majumdar et al., 2017; Sulaiman et al., 2016). In this study, when we compare the lean body mass values ​​of scullers with those of sweep rowers, it was seen that the results were greater in favor of sweep rowers (Table 3). When we analyze the average power produced by sweep rowers during sculling and sweep rowing, finish time of the test, average speed, average stroke rate, and the number of strokes, it was determined that the sweepers performed better than scullers (Table 4). It is thought that the better performance values ​​of sweep rowers during sculling and rowing caused by their physical characteristics, especially the height, leg length and arm span values (Table 3). The Olympic rowing racecourse is 2000 meters long. The first 500 meters of the race is called the sprint phase, in which the boat gains movement from the stationary state. In the ergometer studies, the power generated (363-554 Watts), average stroke rate (37-40 number/min), average speed (4.85- 5.81 m/sec), stroke number (57-62 units), transit time (1:26 – 1:43 min) values are reported as performance parameters in 500 meter race (Soper and Hume, 2004; Feros et al., 2012; Egan-Shuttler et al., 2017). In our study, these values (544-578 Watts; 33-35 number/min; 5.93-6.19 m/sec; 45-49 units; 1.21-1.24 min, respectively) were better than the previous studies, and this is thought to be due to the fact that the athletes participating in our study are international-level athletes. During the test, the heart rate of the athletes participating in the study was found to be 181-182 beats/min (bpm). Das Fatih SANİ • İrfan GÜLMEZ • Semih YILMAZ • Cansel CUMBUR • Aytekin SOYKAN • Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU 18 et al. (2019) found in their study that the maximal heart rate was 192 bpm at the end of the 2000 m ergometer test and 178 bpm for the first 500 m transition during the test. Mavrommataki et al. (2006) reported that the maximal heart rates of the athletes were between 195 and 197 beats/min during the three consecutive 1000-meter interval loading at the first 500 meter transition. The fact that the maximal heart rate was lower in the ergometer test in our study than those in other studies is thought to be due to the fact that the rowers in our study are both international level athletes and have at least 5 years or more sportive experience. As a result, in our study, it has been determined that the anthropometric values ​​(height, weight, BMI, arm span, leg length and lean body mass) ​​of the sweep rowers are better than the scullers, and this situation positively affects the performance values of the athletes. Therefore, it can also be concluded that the anthropometric values ​​of the athletes can be directly related to their performance in rowing. Acknowledgments: For this study, supported by Marmara University Sport Sciences and Athletes Health Research and Implementation Centre and Marmara University Faculty of Sport Sciences, we would like to thank the employees and the staff of the center faculty management. This study was generated from Fatih Sani’s doctoral thesis of “Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Exercise and Training Sciences Program.” Ethics Committee: Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee. Date: 01.06.2018. Protocol Number: 092018.458 Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest with any financial or nonfinancial organization regarding the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. Authors’ contributions: Design of the study: 1. Author % 40, 2. Author % 15, 3. Author % 15, 4. Author % 10, 5. Author % 10, 6. Author % 10 contributed. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. REFERENCES Akça, F. (2014). Prediction of rowing ergometer performance from functional anaerobic power, strength and anthropometric components. Journal of human kinetics, 41(1), 133-142. Arslanoğlu, E., Acar K., Mor, A., Baynaz, K., İpekoğlu, G., & Arslanoğlu, C. (2020). Body Composition And Somatotype Profiles Of Rowers. Turkish Journal of Sport And Exercise, 22(3), 431-437. Benson, A., Abendroth, J., King, D., & Swensen, T. (2011). Comparison of rowing on a Concept 2 stationary and dynamic ergometer. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 10(2), 267. Černe, T., Kamnik, R., & Munih, M. (2011). The measurement setup for real-time biomechanical analysis of rowing on an ergometer. Measurement, 44(10), 1819-1827. Das, A., Mandal, M., Syamal, A. K., & Majumdar, P. (2019). Monitoring Changes of Cardio-Respiratory Parameters During 2000m Rowing Performance. International Journal of Exercise Science, 12(2), 483. Doma, K., Sinclair, W. H., Hervert, S. R., & Leicht, A. S. (2016). Postactivation potentiation of dynamic conditioning contractions on rowing sprint performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(11), 951-956. Eurasian Research in Sport Science • Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları • ERIS • Cilt 7, Sayı 1 • Haziran 2022, ss. 9-20 19 Domínguez, R., López-Domínguez, R., López-Samanes, Á., Gené, P., González-Jurado, J. A., & Sánchez- Oliver, A. J. (2020). Analysis of sport supplement consumption and body composition in Spanish elite rowers. Nutrients, 12(12), 3871. Egan-Shuttler, J. D., Edmonds, R., Eddy, C., O’Neill, V., & Ives, S. J. (2017). The effect of concurrent plyometric training versus submaximal aerobic cycling on rowing economy, peak power, and performance in male high school rowers. Sports medicine-open, 3(1), 1-10. Feros, S. A., Young, W. B., Rice, A. J., & Talpey, S. W. (2012). The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(12), 3326-3334. Filippeschi, A., Tripicchio, P., Satler, M., & Ruffaldi, E. (2012). Capturing the rower performance on the SPRINT platform. In Workshop Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (pp. 331-340). IOS Press. Fohanno, V., Nordez, A., Smith, R., & Colloud, F. (2015). Asymmetry in elite rowers: effect of ergometer design and stroke rate. Sports biomechanics, 14(3), 310-322. Gee, T. I., Olsen, P. D., Fritzdorf, S. W. G., White, D. J., Golby, J., & Thompson, K. G. (2012). Recovery of rowing sprint performance after high intensity strength training. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 7(1), 109-120. Hill, H. (2002). Dynamics of coordination within elite rowing crews: evidence from force pattern analysis. Journal of sports sciences, 20(2), 101-117. Huang, C. J., Nesser, T. W., & Edwards, J. E. (2007). Strength and power determinants of rowing performance. J Exerc Physiol Online, 10(4), 43-50. Majumdar, P., Das, A., & Mandal, M. (2017). Physical and strength variables as a predictor of 2000m rowing ergometer performance in elite rowers. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(4), 2502-2507. Martindale, W. O., & Robertson, D. G. E. (1984). Mechanical energy in sculling and in rowing an ergometer. ZWKS. Mavrommataki, E., Bogdanis, G. C., Kaloupsis, S., & Maridaki, M. (2006). Recovery of power output and heart rate kinetics during repeated bouts of rowing exercise with different rest intervals.  Journal of sports science & medicine, 5(1), 115. Metikos, B., Mikulic, P., Sarabon, N., & Markovic, G. (2015). Peak power output test on a rowing ergometer: a methodological study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2919-2925. Mikulic, P. (2009). Anthropometric and metabolic determinants of 6,000-m rowing ergometer performance in internationally competitive rowers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1851-1857. Podstawski, R., Żurek, P., Clark, C. C., Laukkanen, J. A., Markowski, P., & Gronek, P. (2019). A multi-factorial assessment of the 3-Minute Burpee Test. JPES, 19(2), 1083-1091. Rauter, G., Sigrist, R., Koch, C., Crivelli, F., van Raai, M., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013). Transfer of complex skill learning from virtual to real rowing. PloS one, 8(12), e82145. Sebastia-Amat, S., Penichet-Tomas, A., Jimenez-Olmedo, J. M., & Pueo, B. (2020). Contributions of anthropometric and strength determinants to estimate 2000 m ergometer performance in traditional rowing. Applied Sciences, 10(18), 6562. Soper, C., & Hume, P. A. (2004). Rowing: reliability of power output during rowing changes with ergometer type and race distance. Sports biomechanics, 3(2), 237-248. Sulaiman, N., Hashim, N. M., Adnan, R., & Ismail, S. I. (2016). Relationship between selected anthropometrics and rowing performance among Malaysian elite rowers. In  Proceedings of the 2nd International Fatih SANİ • İrfan GÜLMEZ • Semih YILMAZ • Cansel CUMBUR • Aytekin SOYKAN • Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU 20 Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology 2015 (ICoSSEET 2015), pp. 101-108. Springer, Singapore Vanderburgh, P. M., & Laubach, L. L. (2008). Body mass bias in a competition of muscle strength and aerobic power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 375-382. Zainuddin, F. L., Umar, M. A., Razman, R. M., & Shaharudin, S. (2019). Changes of Lower Limb Kinematics during 2000m Ergometer Rowing among Male Junior National Rowers.  Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 27(2)