Yeni türk şiirinde ideal tipler: (Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e) - Çitçi, Sinan (My University, 2007)
YENİ TÜRK ŞİİRİNDE İDEAL TİPLER Yeni Türk şiiri 1839 yılında Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanıyla başlar. Bu dönemde şiirle uğraşanlar, klasik edebiyatın sanat anlayışından koparak “Sanat, toplum içindir.” Anlayışını benimserler. Osmanlı Devleti’nin her anlamda gerilediği bu dönemde şairler de şiirleriyle toplumun siyasî, askerî, ekonomik vb. alanlardaki problemlerine çözümler aramaya çalışmışlardır. Bu gayret neticesinde kurtarıcı insan tipi, gazi tipi, devlet adamı tipi, orta insan tipi, aydın tipi (şair, hoca, öğretmen), rind tipi ve sevgili tipini idealize etmişlerdir. Bunlardan gazi, devlet adamı, orta insan, rind ve sevgili tipleri klasik (divan) edebiyatın da idealize ettiği tiplerdir. Fakat bu dönemde devrin, şartların, felsefî cereyanların ve hâkim anlayışların etkisiyle bazı değişikliklere uğramıştır. Kurtarıcı insan tipi ile aydın tipi ise tamamıyla yeni tiplerdir. Aslında kurtarıcı insan tipi; gazi, devlet adamı ve aydın tipinin bazı özelliklerini şahsında toplayan bir tiptir.

THE IDEAL TYPES IN THE NEW TURKISH POEM The new Turkish poem begins with the declaration of Administrative Reforms in 1839. At that period those who were involved in poem broke away from the classical literature that defended the idea of “Art for art’s sake” and embraced the understanding of “Art for people’s sake.” During the period when the Ottoman Empire was deteriorating in every aspect, poets attempted to look for solutions for economical, political, military and etc. problems of the society. As a result of these efforts, they idealized certain characters such as savior type, veteran type, statesman type, bourgeoisie type, intellectual type (poet, professor, and teacher), rind type and lover type. Among the types the veteran, statesman, bourgeoisie, rind and lover types were also idealized by the classical (Divan) literature. However, due to the influence of the period, conditions, philosophical movements and dominant mentalities, these types had encountered some changes in this era. Yet, the savior and intellectual types are completely new types. In fact, the savior type is the one that accumulated some of the features of veteran, statesman and intellectual types in its personality. vi ZET ........................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................ii ÖNSÖZ .....................................................................................................................iii KISALTMALAR.....................................................................................................xii GİRİŞ I) İdeal, Tip, İdeal Tip..........................................................................................1 I.I) Gazi Tipi ........................................................................................................8 I.II) Devlet Adamı Tipi........................................................................................19 I.III) Sevgili Tipi .................................................................................................34 I.IV) Kurtarıcı İnsan Tipi.....................................................................................47 I.V) Aydın Tipi ....................................................................................................49 I.VI) Orta İnsan Tipi ............................................................................................51 I.VII) Rind Tipi....................................................................................................54 1. BÖLÜM TANZİMAT DEVRİ .................................................................................................55 1.1.İBRAHİM ŞİNASİ (1826 – 13 Eylül 1871)........................................................55 1.1.1. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ ...........................................................................56 1.1.1.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................58 1.1.1.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................59 1.1.2. GAZİ TİPİ ................................................................................................70 1.1.3. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................72 1.2. ZİYA PAŞA (1829 – 17 Mayıs 1880) ................................................................75 1.2.1. KURTARICI İNSAN TİPİ ........................................................................75 1.2.2. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................83 1.2.3. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................87 1.2.4. AYDIN TİPİ (Şair) ....................................................................................88 1.3. NAMIK KEMAL (21 Kânunuevvel 1840 – 2 Aralık 1888) ..............................90 1.3.1. KURTARICI İNSAN TİPİ ........................................................................90 vii 1.3.1.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................94 1.3.1.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................95 1.3.2. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................107 1.3.2.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................109 1.3.2.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................110 1.3.3. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................114 1.3.4. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................116 1.3.5. AYDIN TİPİ (Şair) ....................................................................................119 1.4. RECAÎZÂDE MAHMUT EKREM (1 Mart 1847 – 31 Ocak 1914)..................121 1.4.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................122 1.4.2. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................126 1.4.3. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................128 1.4.4. AYDIN TİPİ (Şair) ....................................................................................131 1.5. ABDÜLHAK HAMİD TARHAN (2 Ocak 1852 – 13 Nisan 1937) ..................133 1.5.1. KURTARICI İNSAN TİPİ ........................................................................134 1.5.2. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................135 1.5.2.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................137 1.5.2.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................138 1.5.3. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................142 1.5.4. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................145 1.5.4.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................148 1.5.4.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................150 1.5.5. AYDIN TİPİ (Şair) ....................................................................................151 1.6. MUALLİM NACİ (1849 – 12 Nisan 1893)........................................................154 1.6.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................155 1.6.2. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................157 1.6.3. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................160 1.6.4. AYDIN TİPİ (Şair) ....................................................................................162 1.7. ŞAİR EŞREF (1847–1912).................................................................................165 1.7.1. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................166 1.7.2. ORTA İNSAN TİPİ ...................................................................................167 viii 2. BÖLÜM ARA NESİL...............................................................................................................171 2.1. MENEMENLİZÂDE MEHMET TAHİR (1862/ 63 – 1903) .............................172 2.1.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................172 2.1.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................175 2.2. NİGAR BİNTİ OSMAN (1862 – 31 Mart/ 1 Nisan 1918)..................................178 2.2.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................179 2.2.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................183 2.3. NÂBÎZÂDE NÂZIM (1864? – 1893) ................................................................188 2.3.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................189 2.3.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................191 2.4. RECEB VAHYÎ (1867 – 17 Haziran 1923) .......................................................193 2.4.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................193 2.4.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................195 2.5. İSMAİL SAFA (21 Mart 1867 – 24 Mart 1901) ................................................196 2.5.1. ORTA İNSAN TİPİ ...................................................................................197 2.5.2. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................199 2.5.3. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................203 2.6. MEHMET CELAL (1867 – 25 Kânunusani 1912) ............................................207 2.6.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................208 2.6.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................212 3. BÖLÜM SERVET-İ FÜNÛN DEVRİ......................................................................................217 3.1. SÜLEYMAN NESÎB (1866 – 28 Eylül 1917) ...................................................218 3.1.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................218 3.1.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................222 3.2. ALİ EKREM (2 Ağustos 1867 – 27 Ağustos 1937)...........................................225 3.2.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................226 3.2.2. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................229 3.2.3. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................230 3.3. TEVFİK FİKRET (24 Aralık 1867 – 18/ 19 Ağustos 1915) ...............................232 3.3.1. KURTARICI İNSAN TİPİ ........................................................................238 ix 3.3.1.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................241 3.3.1.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................242 3.3.2. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................255 3.3.3. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................266 3.3.4. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................267 3.3.5. AYDIN TİPİ (Şair) ....................................................................................272 3.4. HÜSEYİN SUAD (YALÇIN) (1867 – 21 Mart 1942).......................................274 3.4.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................275 3.4.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................278 3.5. SÜLEYMAN NAZİF (29 Ocak 1869 – 4 Ocak 1927).......................................281 3.5.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................282 3.5.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................285 3.6. CENAP ŞEHABETTİN (21 Mart 1870 – 13 Şubat 1934) .................................287 3.6.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................287 3.6.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................290 3.6.2.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................292 3.6.2.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................295 3.7. HÜSEYİN SİRET (ÖZSEVER) (1872 – 1959) .................................................297 3.8. FÂİK ÂLİ (OZANSOY) (1876 – 1 Ekim 1950) ................................................300 3.8.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................301 3.8.2. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................305 3.8.3. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................306 3.9. CELAL SAHİR (EROZAN) (23 Eylül 1883 – 16 Kasım 1935)........................309 3.9.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................309 3.9.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................312 4. BÖLÜM SERVET-İ FÜNÛN DIŞINDAKİ EDEBİYAT ........................................................314 4.1. RIZA TEVFİK (BÖLÜKBAŞI) (7 Kânunusani 1869 – 29 Aralık 1949) ..........314 4.1.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................314 4.1.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................318 4.2. MEHMET EMİN (YURDAKUL) (13 Mayıs 1869 – 14 Ocak 1944)374..........321 4.3. MEHMET AKİF (ERSOY) (Aralık 1873 – 27 Aralık 1936).............................331 x 4.3.1. KURTARICI İNSAN TİPİ ........................................................................342 4.3.1.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................344 4.3.1.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................345 4.3.2. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................361 4.3.3. DEVLET ADAMI TİPİ .............................................................................370 4.3.4. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................375 4.3.5. AYDIN TİPİ (Din Adamı).........................................................................377 4.3.5.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................380 4.3.5.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................381 4.3.6. AYDIN TİPİ (Öğretmen)...........................................................................388 5. BÖLÜM FECR-İ ÂTÎ EDEBİYATI.........................................................................................392 5.1. EMİN BÜLENT (SERDAROĞLU) (1886–29 Kasım 1942).............................393 5.2. TAHSİN NAHİT (1887–1919)...........................................................................396 5.3. AHMET HAŞİM (1887–4 Haziran 1933) ..........................................................399 5.4. MEHMET BEHÇET (YAZAR) (1890-?) ..........................................................406 6. BÖLÜM MİLLÎ EDEBİYAT ...................................................................................................408 6.1. ZİYA GÖKALP (23 Mart 1876 – 25 Ekim 1924)..............................................409 6.2. İHSAN RAİF HANIM (1877 – 4 Nisan 1926)...................................................415 6.2.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................416 6.2.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................419 6.3. YAHYA KEMAL (BEYATLI) (2 Aralık 1884 – 1 Kasım 1958)......................421 6.3.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................422 6.3.1.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................423 6.3.1.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................424 6.3.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................429 6.3.2.1. Fizikî Özellikleri .........................................................................432 6.3.2.2. Ahlakî Özellikleri .......................................................................435 6.3.3. RİND TİPİ .................................................................................................436 6.4. MİDHAT CEMAL (KUNTAY) (1885 – 1955) .................................................439 6.5. AKA GÜNDÜZ (1885 – 6 Kasım 1958)............................................................443 xi 6.6. İBRAHİM ALÂETTİN (GÖVSA) (1889 – 29 Ekim 1949)...............................447 6.7. ORHAN SEYFİ (ORHON) (23 Ekim 1890 – 22 Ağustos 1972).......................450 6.7.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................450 6.7.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................453 6.8. HALİT FAHRİ (OZANSOY) (13 Temmuz 1891 – 23 Şubat 1971)..................456 6.8.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................457 6.8.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................459 6.9. ENİS BEHİÇ (KORYÜREK) (12 Mart 1892 – 18 Ekim 1949).........................460 6.9.1. GAZİ TİPİ..................................................................................................460 6.9.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ............................................................................................462 6.10. YUSUF ZİYA (ORTAÇ) (23 Nisan 1895 – 11 Mart 1967).............................465 6.10.1. GAZİ TİPİ................................................................................................465 6.10.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ ......................................................................................467 6.11. ŞÜKÛFE NİHAL (BAŞAR) (1896 – 24 Eylül 1973) ......................................469 6.12. FARUK NAFİZ (ÇAMLIBEL) (18 Mayıs 1898 – 8 Kasım 1973)..................473 6.12.1. GAZİ TİPİ................................................................................................474 6.12.2. SEVGİLİ TİPİ..........................................................................................477 6.13. HALİDE NUSRET (ZORLUTUNA) (1901 – 10 Haziran 1984).....................480 SONUÇ .....................................................................................................................482 BİBLİYOGRAFYA.................................................................................................487 ÖZGEÇMİŞ .............................................................................................................504
Keywords: Tanzimat_Türk Şiiri; Türk Dili; Türk Şiiri