Publication: Osmanlı Fenerler İdaresi ve 19. yüzyılda deniz fenerleri
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2024
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Bu yüksek lisans tezinde, Osmanlı Devleti'nde başlangıçta beş yıllık bir devlet kurumu olarak tesis edilen, ancak sonrasında 78 yıllık bir ortaklığa dönüşen Fenerler İdaresi incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, 19. yüzyılda kurulan yabancı sermayeli bir şirketin sürdürülebilirliği, devletlerarası ilişkilerdeki yeri ve zaman içerisinde dönüşüm açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Aynı zamanda, Osmanlı ekonomi ve finans sistemi içinde yabancı sermayeli bir şirketin teşekkülü ve yeri analiz edilmiştir.19. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinde Osmanlı Devleti, deniz fenerleri konusunda çeşitli girişimlerde bulunmuş, ancak dönemin koşulları nedeniyle bu girişimler hayata geçirilememiştir. Kırım Savaşı başladığında, Osmanlı topraklarında sınırlı sayıda ve ilkel teknoloji kullanan deniz fenerleri mevcuttu. Fransa ve İngiltere deniz fenerciliğinde dünya çapında bir rekabete girmişken, Kırım Savaşı ile birlikte bu rekabet Osmanlı topraklarına taşınmıştır. Fransız sermayesinin bu rekabette üstün gelmesiyle, Fransız Marius Michel önderliğinde Fenerler İdaresi bir devlet dairesi olarak kurulmuştur. Bernard Camille Collas'ın da katılımıyla, iki ortak Osmanlı hükümetinden imtiyaz almış, Fenerler İdaresi'de yabancı sermayeli bir şirkete dönüşmüştür. Yıllar içinde değişen koşullarla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti'nin bu şirketteki hissesi yüzde 22'den elliye kadar yükselmiştir. 1860'taki ilk imtiyaz anlaşmasında kısa ömürlü olacağı öngörülen ve sonrasında bir devlet kurumuna dönüştürülmesi hedeflenen düşünülen Fenerler İdaresi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşundan sonra da varlığını sürdürmüş ve ancak 1938 yılında devletleştirilebilmiştir. Bu çalışma, üç ana başlık altında deniz fenerlerinin tarihsel gelişimini, Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki yabancı sermaye sorununu, Fenerler İdaresi'nin işleyişini ve deniz feneri çalışanlarını ele almaktadır. Çalışmada Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri, dönemin çeşitli kaynakları ve literatür karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde kullanılmıştır.
This thesis examines the Lighthouse Administration, which was initially established as a five-year state institution in the Ottoman Empire but later evolved into a 78-year partnership. In this context, the sustainability of a foreign capital company founded in the 19th century, its role in international relations, and its transformation over time are analyzed. Additionally, the formation and position of a foreign-capitalized company within the Ottoman economic and financial system are examined.In the second quarter of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire made various attempts regarding lighthouses, yet these initiatives could not be realized due to the conditions of the period. When the Crimean War began, there were only a limited number of lighthouses in Ottoman territory, operating with primitive technology. While France and England were engaged in a global competition in lighthouse technology, this competition extended to Ottoman lands with the onset of the Crimean War. With French capital gaining the upper hand in this rivalry, the Lighthouse Administration was established as a state office under the leadership of the French Marius Michel. With the participation of Bernard Camille Collas, the two partners received a concession from the Ottoman government, transforming the Lighthouse Administration into a foreign-capitalized company. Over the years, the Ottoman Empire's share in the company rose from 22% to as high as 50% due to changing conditions. The Lighthouse Administration, initially anticipated to have a brief tenure and later be converted into a state institution per the 1860 concession agreement, continued its operations even after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey and was nationalized only in 1938.This study addresses the historical development of lighthouses, the issue of foreign capital in the Ottoman Empire, the operation of the Lighthouse Administration, and lighthouse workers under three main headings. Ottoman archival documents, various sources from the period, and relevant literature are utilized in a comparative manner.
This thesis examines the Lighthouse Administration, which was initially established as a five-year state institution in the Ottoman Empire but later evolved into a 78-year partnership. In this context, the sustainability of a foreign capital company founded in the 19th century, its role in international relations, and its transformation over time are analyzed. Additionally, the formation and position of a foreign-capitalized company within the Ottoman economic and financial system are examined.In the second quarter of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire made various attempts regarding lighthouses, yet these initiatives could not be realized due to the conditions of the period. When the Crimean War began, there were only a limited number of lighthouses in Ottoman territory, operating with primitive technology. While France and England were engaged in a global competition in lighthouse technology, this competition extended to Ottoman lands with the onset of the Crimean War. With French capital gaining the upper hand in this rivalry, the Lighthouse Administration was established as a state office under the leadership of the French Marius Michel. With the participation of Bernard Camille Collas, the two partners received a concession from the Ottoman government, transforming the Lighthouse Administration into a foreign-capitalized company. Over the years, the Ottoman Empire's share in the company rose from 22% to as high as 50% due to changing conditions. The Lighthouse Administration, initially anticipated to have a brief tenure and later be converted into a state institution per the 1860 concession agreement, continued its operations even after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey and was nationalized only in 1938.This study addresses the historical development of lighthouses, the issue of foreign capital in the Ottoman Empire, the operation of the Lighthouse Administration, and lighthouse workers under three main headings. Ottoman archival documents, various sources from the period, and relevant literature are utilized in a comparative manner.
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MARIUS MICHEL, DENİZ FENERİ, BERNARD CAMILLE COLLAS, IMTIYAZ, FENERLER İDARESİ, MARIUS MICHEL, LIGHTHOUSE, BERNARD CAMILLE COLLAS, IMTIYAZ, LIGHTHOUSE ADMINISTRATION