Publication: دراسة مقارنة لشروح الجامع الصغير المؤلفة في منطقة ماوراء النهر في القرن الخامس والسادس الهجري
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2024
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Araştırmamız, Hanefi Mezhebinin temel kitaplarından biri olan el-Câmiu’s-sağīr üzerine hicri 5-6’ncı yüzyıllarda Maveraünnehir bölgesinde yazılmış şerhlerin mukayeseli incelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Ebü’l-Usr el-Pezdevî (ö. 482/1089), Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî (ö. 483/1090), Sadrüşşehîd İbn Mâze (ö. 536/1141) ve Ebü’l-Mehâsin Kādîhân’ın (ö. 592/1196) el-Câmiu’s-sağīr üzerine kaleme aldıkları şerhler seçilmiş örnekler üzerinden mukayeseli bir biçimde incelenmiştir. Çalışma, İmam Muhammed’in el-Câmiu’s-sağīr adlı eseri üzerine yazılmış şerhlerin incelenmesine özgün katkı yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırmada, birkaç örnek detaylı bir biçimde karşılaştırmalı bir analize tabi tutulmuş ve söz konusu örnekler belirlenen şerhlerden önceki ve sonraki Hanefi mezhebi kaynakları bağlamında eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Şerhlerin bu şekilde incelenmesi, ilgili eserlerin Hanefi mezhebi içindeki evrimini anlamamıza ve bu eserlerin tarihsel süreç içindeki konumunu belirlememize yardımcı olacaktır.Ayrıca, bu araştırma, İslam hukuk tarihi açısından kısa sayılabilecek bir zaman dilimi içinde aynı coğrafi bölgede kaleme alınmış olan dört şerhin, yazılış amacı, metodolojisi ve içeriği açısından benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Bu dört şerh, önce genel bir karşılaştırmaya tabi tutulmuş, ardından seçili örnekler üzerinden ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenerek, her bir şerhin özgün nitelikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Çalışmanın odağını oluşturan örnek meselelerin mukayeseli incelenmesi bölümünde, ilgili meseleler sadece belirlenen dört şerh üzerinden bir karşılaştırmaya tabi tutulmamış, aynı zamanda anılan dört şârihten önce ve sonra yaşamış Hanefi fakihlerin görüşlerine de başvurulmuştur. Bunlar arasında özellikle Tahâvî (ö. 321/933), Cassâs (ö. 370/981), Kudûrî (ö. 428/1037) Debûsî, (ö. 430/1039) Kâsânî (ö. 587/1191), Merğînânî (ö. 593/1197), Mevsılî (ö. 683/1284) ve Zeylaî’nin (ö.743/1343) eserleri incelenmiş ve böylece fıkhi görüşlerin gelişimi uzun bir zaman dilimi içinde takip edilmeye çalışılmıştır.Çalışma, İmam Muhammed’in el-Câmiu’s-sağīr’i üzerine yazılmış dört şerhi konu edindiğinden, İmam Muhammed’in hayatı ve eserlerinin yanı sıra, dört müellifin hayatı ve eserleriyle ilgili özet bilgiler sunmuştur. Ayrıca, çalışmanın kapsamı gereği, hicri 5-6. yüzyıllarda Maveraünnehir’deki siyasi, ilmi ve kültürel durum hakkında özet bilgiler de sunulmuştur.Araştırmada şu aşamalar takip edilmiştir:(1) İlk olarak, inceleme konusu şerhlerin metni olan el-Câmiu’s-sağīr’in müellifi İmam Muhammed’in ilmi hayatı ve Hanefi mezhebinin temelini oluşturan eserleri hakkında bilgi verilmiş, el-Câmiu’s-sağīr’in bu eserler içindeki yeri ve özelliği tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. (2) Ardından, hicri 5-6 yüzyıllarda Maveraünnehir bölgesindeki siyasi, ilmi ve kültürel ortam incelenmiş, bu dönemde kaleme alınan dört şerh genel hatlarıyla mukayeseli olarak incelenmiştir.(3) Bir sonraki aşamada, üç örnek mesele inceleme konusu dört şerh üzerinde önceki ve sonraki literatür de dikkate alınarak derinlemesine bir incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. (4) Mukayeseli incelemelerden elde edilen sonuçlar önceki çalışmaların bulgularıyla karşılaştırılmıştır.Bu çalışmanın amaçladığı akademik katkılar şu şekilde özetlenebilir: • Fıkıh tarihi içerisinde kısa sayılabilecek bir zaman diliminde aynı coğrafyada yazılan dört şerhin ana hatlarıyla benzer ve farklı yönlerinin tespiti. • Fikirleri ve eserleriyle Hanefi mezhebinde yaygın etkiye sahip olan bu müelliflerin Hanefi fıkıh öğretisi içindeki konumlarının belirlenmesi. • Maveraünnehir bölgesinin İslam Hukuku açısından önemi, özellikle Karahanlı döneminde Maveraünnehir’in Hanefi mezhebinin gelişimine katkısının örnekler üzerinden gösterilmesi.
Our research deals with a comparative study of the commentaries on al-Jami al-Saghir, which were written in the fifth and sixth centuries A.H. The al-Jami al-Saghir, composed by Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani (d. 189/805), is one of the basic books in the Hanafi school of thought. The commentaries written by Abu al-Usr al-Bazdawi (d. 482/1089), Shams al-Aimmah al-Sarakhsi (d. 483/1090), Sadr al-Shahid Ibn Mazzah (d. 536/1141), and Abu al-Muhasin Qadikhan (d. 592/1196) are examined in a comparative study, focusing on in-depth research on several examples. The importance of this research comes from its special contribution to the study of the commentaries on Imam Muhammad's al-Jami al-Saghir. In this research, three issues are discussed in detail through a comparative analysis, and these issues are critically evaluated through a review of earlier and later Hanafi sources. Reviewing the selected topics in a chronological context helps us to see how they developed within the Hanafi school over the centuries and allows at the same time to determine the place of these commentaries in the historical context.In addition, this study aims to show the areas of agreement and difference in terms of the reason for authorship, style in commentary, content, etc. between these four commentaries, which were written in the same geographical area during a period that may be considered relatively short in the long history of Islamic jurisprudence.In the section on the comparative study of selected topics, which forms the focus of the research, not only the four commentaries but also the opinions of Hanafi jurists who lived before and after these commentators were examined. In particular, we discussed the opinions of al-Tahawi (d. 321/933), al-Jassas (d. 370/981), al-Quduri (d. 428/1037), and al-Dabusi (d. 430/1039) on these examples. We also analyzed the opinions of Hanafi jurists who lived after these commentators, such as al-Kasani (d. 587/1191), al-Marghinani (d. 593/1197), al-Mawsili (d. 683/1284), and al-Zaylai (d. 743/1343), to the evolution of views in a long period. Because this study deals with the four commentaries on Jami al-Saghir, it provides brief information on the lives and writings of the four authors, as well as the life and writings of Imam Muhammad. In addition, due to the scope of the study, brief information on the political, scientific, and cultural situation in the fifth and sixth centuries AH in Transoxiana is also provided. The method followed in the research is the method of interpreting the sources in their historical context, description, comparison, and analysis, with the aim of determining the position of each of them within the historical development of the Hanafi madhhab. The research followed the following steps:First: Providing brief information about the life of Imam Muhammad, the author of al-Jami al-Saghir, along with his works, focusing on showing the characteristics of al-Jami al-Saghir among his works.Second: Comparing the four commentaries composed in the fifth and sixth centuries. Third: Discussing three selected topics in detail in four commentaries, taking into account previous and subsequent sources. Fourth: Review of the results and comparison with the results of earlier studies.The academic contributions of this study can be summarized as follows: - Identifying the main areas of agreement and disagreement between the four commentaries that were composed in the same region and in the same time period.- Determining the status of these commentators, who had a wide-ranging influence on the Hanafi school with their ideas and works, especially in the Transoxiana school. - The importance of the Transoxiana region in terms of jurisprudence, especially the contribution of Transoxiana to the development of the Hanafi school in the Qarakhanid era.
Our research deals with a comparative study of the commentaries on al-Jami al-Saghir, which were written in the fifth and sixth centuries A.H. The al-Jami al-Saghir, composed by Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani (d. 189/805), is one of the basic books in the Hanafi school of thought. The commentaries written by Abu al-Usr al-Bazdawi (d. 482/1089), Shams al-Aimmah al-Sarakhsi (d. 483/1090), Sadr al-Shahid Ibn Mazzah (d. 536/1141), and Abu al-Muhasin Qadikhan (d. 592/1196) are examined in a comparative study, focusing on in-depth research on several examples. The importance of this research comes from its special contribution to the study of the commentaries on Imam Muhammad's al-Jami al-Saghir. In this research, three issues are discussed in detail through a comparative analysis, and these issues are critically evaluated through a review of earlier and later Hanafi sources. Reviewing the selected topics in a chronological context helps us to see how they developed within the Hanafi school over the centuries and allows at the same time to determine the place of these commentaries in the historical context.In addition, this study aims to show the areas of agreement and difference in terms of the reason for authorship, style in commentary, content, etc. between these four commentaries, which were written in the same geographical area during a period that may be considered relatively short in the long history of Islamic jurisprudence.In the section on the comparative study of selected topics, which forms the focus of the research, not only the four commentaries but also the opinions of Hanafi jurists who lived before and after these commentators were examined. In particular, we discussed the opinions of al-Tahawi (d. 321/933), al-Jassas (d. 370/981), al-Quduri (d. 428/1037), and al-Dabusi (d. 430/1039) on these examples. We also analyzed the opinions of Hanafi jurists who lived after these commentators, such as al-Kasani (d. 587/1191), al-Marghinani (d. 593/1197), al-Mawsili (d. 683/1284), and al-Zaylai (d. 743/1343), to the evolution of views in a long period. Because this study deals with the four commentaries on Jami al-Saghir, it provides brief information on the lives and writings of the four authors, as well as the life and writings of Imam Muhammad. In addition, due to the scope of the study, brief information on the political, scientific, and cultural situation in the fifth and sixth centuries AH in Transoxiana is also provided. The method followed in the research is the method of interpreting the sources in their historical context, description, comparison, and analysis, with the aim of determining the position of each of them within the historical development of the Hanafi madhhab. The research followed the following steps:First: Providing brief information about the life of Imam Muhammad, the author of al-Jami al-Saghir, along with his works, focusing on showing the characteristics of al-Jami al-Saghir among his works.Second: Comparing the four commentaries composed in the fifth and sixth centuries. Third: Discussing three selected topics in detail in four commentaries, taking into account previous and subsequent sources. Fourth: Review of the results and comparison with the results of earlier studies.The academic contributions of this study can be summarized as follows: - Identifying the main areas of agreement and disagreement between the four commentaries that were composed in the same region and in the same time period.- Determining the status of these commentators, who had a wide-ranging influence on the Hanafi school with their ideas and works, especially in the Transoxiana school. - The importance of the Transoxiana region in terms of jurisprudence, especially the contribution of Transoxiana to the development of the Hanafi school in the Qarakhanid era.
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Keywords
Maveraünnehir, el-Câmiu’s-sağīr, Hanefi Mezhebi, Karahanlılar, Hicri 5-6. Yüzyıllar, İmam Muhammed, Serahsî, Pezdevî, İbn Mâze, Kādîhân. Transoxiana, Hanafi school, Qarakhanids, Fifth and Sixth Centuries AH, Imam Muhammad, al-Sarakhsi, al-Bazdawi, Ibn Maza, Qadikhan.