Publication: Girit (Resmo) şer’iye sicil defterleri (1061-1067)
Abstract
Şe'iye sicili, şer'î mahkemelerde kadıların yaptıkları yargılamalar sonunda verdikleri kararlar ile merkezî hükümetten gelen emirlerin ve mahallî yöneticilerin bazı yazışmalarına ait kayıtların yer aldığı defterlere verilen addır. İslâmiyetle birlikte ortaya çıkmış olan şer'î mahkemelerde , başlangıçta davaların kaydedildiği defterler bulunmamakta idi. Emevîlerin son dönemlerinde , önce Kahire'de sonra da Bağdat'da davaların sonuçlarının kaydedildiği defterler tutulmaya başlanmıştır.Daha sonra gelen İslâm devletlerinde de bu usul benimsenerek uygulanmıştır. Osmanlılar , devlet teşkilatının yapılanmasında kendilerinden önceki İslâm devletlerinin idarî teşkilat modelini örnek olarak aldıkları gibi adlî teşkilatın oluşturulmasında da bu devletlerde uygulanmakta olan yargı modelini benimsemişlerdir. Tanzimata kadar Osmanlı devletinde her türlü ihtilafların çözüm yeri şer'î mahkemeler olmuştur. Bu dönemde merkezî yönetimle yakın işbirliği içinde bulunan kadılar , şer'î davalar yanında örfî davalara da bakmakta idiler. Tanzimattan sonra idarî sahada olduğu gibi yargı alanında da bazı düzenlemeler yapılmış , şer'î mahkemelerin yanında nizamiye mahkemeleri kurularak şer'î mahkemelerin yükünün hafifletilmesi yanında kadıların görev ve yetkileri de hayli daraltılmıştır. Şer'î mahkemelerde kadılar veya naipler tarafından günlük olarak tutulmuş olan şer'iye sicilleri , İslâm Hukuku'nun Osmanlı dönemindeki uygulamalarını yansıtan en güvenilir kaynağını oluştururlar. Ayrıca ait oldukları yerin iktisadî ve sosyal yapısı ile ilgili çalışmalarda da ilk başvurulacak kaynaklar arasında bulunurlar. Çalışmamızın konusunu teşkil eden ve 1061-1067(1650-1656) yıllarını kapsayan şer'iye sicilleri , Girit'in Resmo sancağına aittir. Fethi müteakip tutulmuş olan bu ilk sicillerde Resmo'daki idarî uygulamalar ile İslâm Hukuku'nun başlıca konuları olan şahıs , aile , miras , borçlar-eşya ve ticaret ile ceza ve vergi davalarına ait kayıtlar yer almaktadır. Ayrıca merkezî hükumetden gelen bazı ferman ve berat suretleri ile mahallî görevlilerin birbirleri ile olan yazışmalarına ait kayıtlar da yer almaktadır.
Şer'iye Sicili is the name given to the volumes which hold the decisions made by the kadıs as a result of their jurisdictions in the sharia courts, orders received from the central administration and some correspondence of the local administrators. In sharia courts, which came into existence with Islam, no registers, where court decisions were recorded, were kept at the early periods. In the last period of Amawis, registers were begun to be kept, first in Cairo and then in Baghdad. In the Islamic states of the later periods, this method was accepted and continued to be applied. The Ottomans, having taken the state structure of the previous Islamic states as their model in the construction of their state structure, have followed the judicial structure in effect in these states in constructing their own judicial structure. The sharia court had been the place where all kinds of controversies were solved in the Ottoman state, until the Tanzimat. During this time, being in close cooperation with the central administration, they had dealt with administrative cases besides those relating to sharia. After Tanzimat, changes were made in the judicial area, as well as the administrative one and nizamiye courts were established alongside the sharia courts, thereby taking some of the load off the kadıs and limiting their duties and responsibilities. Şer'i Sicils, kept on a daily basis by the kadıs or their naibs, form the most trustworthy source reflecting the pratice of Islamic law during the Ottoman reign. Furthermore, they are among the first sources to be consulted for research relating to the economic and social structure of the area they belong to. The registers covering the period 1061-1067 (1650-1656), which form the subject of this study, belong to the sancak of Retimo in Crete. These first registers, which were kept right after the conquest, carry records relating to the administrative practice in Retimo, as well as the primary subjects of Islamic law like cases on persons, family, inheritance, debts, goods, commerce, capital punishments and tax. Apart from these, they carry copies of firmans and berats received from the central administration, and records relating to correspondence between local admistrators, too.
Şer'iye Sicili is the name given to the volumes which hold the decisions made by the kadıs as a result of their jurisdictions in the sharia courts, orders received from the central administration and some correspondence of the local administrators. In sharia courts, which came into existence with Islam, no registers, where court decisions were recorded, were kept at the early periods. In the last period of Amawis, registers were begun to be kept, first in Cairo and then in Baghdad. In the Islamic states of the later periods, this method was accepted and continued to be applied. The Ottomans, having taken the state structure of the previous Islamic states as their model in the construction of their state structure, have followed the judicial structure in effect in these states in constructing their own judicial structure. The sharia court had been the place where all kinds of controversies were solved in the Ottoman state, until the Tanzimat. During this time, being in close cooperation with the central administration, they had dealt with administrative cases besides those relating to sharia. After Tanzimat, changes were made in the judicial area, as well as the administrative one and nizamiye courts were established alongside the sharia courts, thereby taking some of the load off the kadıs and limiting their duties and responsibilities. Şer'i Sicils, kept on a daily basis by the kadıs or their naibs, form the most trustworthy source reflecting the pratice of Islamic law during the Ottoman reign. Furthermore, they are among the first sources to be consulted for research relating to the economic and social structure of the area they belong to. The registers covering the period 1061-1067 (1650-1656), which form the subject of this study, belong to the sancak of Retimo in Crete. These first registers, which were kept right after the conquest, carry records relating to the administrative practice in Retimo, as well as the primary subjects of Islamic law like cases on persons, family, inheritance, debts, goods, commerce, capital punishments and tax. Apart from these, they carry copies of firmans and berats received from the central administration, and records relating to correspondence between local admistrators, too.