Publication: 1961-1973 yılları arasında Türkiye’den Almanya’ya emek göçünün sosyo-ekonomik açıdan değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
1961-1973 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRKİYE’DEN ALMANYA’YA EMEK GÖÇÜNÜN SOSYO-EKONOMİK AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ‘’Göç’’ insanlık tarihi kadar eski bir kavramdır. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde göçe neden olan etkenler çeşitli dönemlerde değişiklik göstermesine rağmen bunlar ekonomik, siyasi, dini, eğitim ve güvenlik amaçlı göçler olarak sıralanabilir. Ancak bu etkenler içinde ekonomik ve buna bağlı olanlar çoğunlukla ilk sırada gelir. Bunun yanı sıra dini baskılar, terör olayları ve kan davaları gibi sebepler de dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde göçlere neden olmaktadır. Genelde bu etkenler göçün “itici faktörlerini” meydana getirirken, varılan bölgelerdeki ekonomik, sosyal, eğitim ve sağlık şartlarının daha iyi olması göçlerin “çekici faktörlerini” oluşturur. 2011 yılı itibariyle 50. yılını dolduran emek göçü; 1961-1973 yılları arasında resmi olarak gerçeklemiştir. Türkiye’den Almanya’ya doğru gerçekleşen bu hareket 1960’ların başından itibaren başlamıştır. Bu göçteki en önemli etken Almanya’nın sosyo-ekonomik olarak Türkiye’ye göre daha iyi konumda olması ve Almanya’yı Türk insanın gözünde çekici hale getirmesiydi. 12 yıllık bu resmi süreç sonucunda, yaklaşık 1.000.000 kişi Türkiye’den Almanya’ya gitmiştir. Bu işçilerin ülkeye dönüşleri, birikimlerinin aktarımı, döviz aktarımı gibi olaylarda dönemin incelenmesi gereken konularının başında gelmektedir. Dönemin en önemli sosyal hareketlerinden biri olan ve Almanya’ya gerçekleşen işgücü hareketi, uzun yıllar Türkiye’nin döviz açısından ayakta kalmasını sağlayan ve Batı’ya dönük modern Türkiye düşüncesinin bir ayağını oluşturmuştur. Almanya, Emek Göçü, Sosyo-Ekonomik
THE SOCIO ECONOMIC ASSESTMENT OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM TURKEY TO GERMANY BEETWEEN 1961-1973 The concept of migration is as old as the history of the mankind. Although various factors have led to migration in different periods of the history, such factors can be listed as the economic, political, religious, educational, safety reasons, etc. However, the economic reasons and those associated therewith are usually the most common ones. Besides, reasons such as religious pressures, terrorist actions, and feud lead to migrations in several parts of the world. Whereas these constitute the “pushing factors” of the migration, the better economic, social, educational and health conditions in the destination zones thereof represent its “pulling factors”. With its start dating back to half a century ago as of 2011, the labour migration from Turkey to Germany officially took place during the years 1961-1973. The labour migration from Turkey to Germany started as of early 1960’s. The major factor in such migration is the better socio-economic position of Germany compared to Turkey and the fact this in turn made the former attractive in the eyes of the Turkish public. The official period of the labour migration covered a time span of 12 years, and approximately 1,000,000 people moved from Turkey to Germany during such 12 years. And the processes such as the homecomings of such workers, transfer of the savings, transfer of foreign exchange, are the top issues of the period which require to be reviewed. One of the most important social events of the period, the workforce movement to Germany has for long years allowed Turkey to be afloat in respect of its foreign currency needs, and constituted a leg of the West-oriented modern Turkey. Germany, Labour Emigration, Socio-Economic
THE SOCIO ECONOMIC ASSESTMENT OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM TURKEY TO GERMANY BEETWEEN 1961-1973 The concept of migration is as old as the history of the mankind. Although various factors have led to migration in different periods of the history, such factors can be listed as the economic, political, religious, educational, safety reasons, etc. However, the economic reasons and those associated therewith are usually the most common ones. Besides, reasons such as religious pressures, terrorist actions, and feud lead to migrations in several parts of the world. Whereas these constitute the “pushing factors” of the migration, the better economic, social, educational and health conditions in the destination zones thereof represent its “pulling factors”. With its start dating back to half a century ago as of 2011, the labour migration from Turkey to Germany officially took place during the years 1961-1973. The labour migration from Turkey to Germany started as of early 1960’s. The major factor in such migration is the better socio-economic position of Germany compared to Turkey and the fact this in turn made the former attractive in the eyes of the Turkish public. The official period of the labour migration covered a time span of 12 years, and approximately 1,000,000 people moved from Turkey to Germany during such 12 years. And the processes such as the homecomings of such workers, transfer of the savings, transfer of foreign exchange, are the top issues of the period which require to be reviewed. One of the most important social events of the period, the workforce movement to Germany has for long years allowed Turkey to be afloat in respect of its foreign currency needs, and constituted a leg of the West-oriented modern Turkey. Germany, Labour Emigration, Socio-Economic