Publication: Ceza hukuku açısından siber zorbalık
Abstract
Zorbalık, özellikle kendini savunamayan kişilerin karşılaştığı, kasıtlı ve tekrarlanan şekilde gerçekleşen rahatsız edici davranışları ifade eder. Zorbaca davranışlar, yazılı veya sözlü olabilir, fiziksel olması da mümkündür. Teknolojinin gelişmesi, internet ve özellikle sosyal ağların yaygınlık kazanmasıyla beraber pek çok davranış gibi zorbalık da dijital alana taşınmış ve siber zorbalık olarak ifade edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda siber zorbalık, kişinin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerini kullanarak bir başkasını rahatsız edecek eylemler gerçekleştirmesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu eylemler tehdit içerebilir, onur kırıcı veya utandırıcı olabilir. Siber zorbalığın, zorbalıktan farkı ise internet ortamının mağduriyeti artıcı özellikleridir. Paylaşılan içeriklerin hiçbir zaman tam anlamıyla silinemiyor oluşu, çok kısa zamanda çok fazla insana ulaşılabilmesi, anonimliğe izin veren yapısı sayesinde zorbalık yapan insanların daha cesaretli hareket edebilmesi; siber zorbalığı zorbalıktan ayırmaktadır. Siber zorbalığın sık karşılaşılan bir durum haline gelmesi, ceza hukuku ile beraber değerlendirilmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu kapsamda siber zorbalığın cezalandırılabilirliği ile ilgili farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Nitekim bazı ülkelerde siber zorbalık ayrı bir suç olarak düzenlenmiş, bazı ülkelerde ise siber zorbalığın mevcut suçlar kapsamında değerlendirilmesi fikri öne çıkmıştır. Siber zorbalık, Türk Ceza Kanunu’nda ayrıca düzenlenmemiştir. Bununla beraber TCK’da düzenlenen bazı suçları oluşturan eylemler zorbalık teşkil eden davranışlar olarak da mütalaa edilebilmektedir. Bu kapsamda intihara yönlendirme (m. 84), kasten yaralama (m. 86), eziyet (m. 96), cinsel taciz (m. 105), müstehcenlik (m. 226), tehdit (m. 106), şantaj (m. 107), kişilerin huzur ve sükununu bozma (m. 123), ısrarlı takip (m. 123/ A), hakaret (m. 125), haberleşmenin gizliliğini ihlal (m. 132), kişiler arasındaki konuşmaların dinlenmesi ve kayda alınması (m. 133), özel hayatın gizliliğini ihlal (m. 134) ve verileri hukuka aykırı olarak verme ve ele geçirme (m. 136) suçları dijital ortamlarda işlendikleri takdirde siber zorbalık olarak değerlendirilebilir. Çalışmada siber zorbalık, siber zorbalığın özellikleri, nedenleri ve mağdur üzerindeki etkileri ele alınacak; siber zorbalığın ceza hukuku ile ilişkisi, cezalandırılabilirliği sorunu ve TCK’da mevcut suç tipleri içinde değerlendirilmesi meselesine yer verilecektir.
Bullying refers to intentional and persistent disturbing behaviors, especially faced by people who cannot defend themselves. Bullying can be written, verbal or physical. With the development of technology, the widespread use of the internet and especially social networks, bullying, like many other behaviors, has been moved to the digital field and has begun to be expressed as cyberbullying. In this context, cyberbullying can be defined as acting to disturb another by using information and communication technologies. These actions may be threatening, insulting, or embarrassing. The difference between cyberbullying and bullying is the victimization-enhancing features of the internet environment. The fact that the shared content can never be completely deleted, that many people can be reached in a very short time, that people who bully can act more courageously thanks to its structure that allows anonymity; distinguishes cyberbullying from bullying. The fact that cyberbullying has become a common situation has made it necessary to evaluate it together with criminal law. In this context, different views have been put forward regarding the criminalizing of cyberbullying. As a matter of fact, in some countries, cyberbullying is regulated as a separate crime, and in some countries, the idea of evaluating cyberbullying within the scope of existing crimes has come to the fore. Cyberbullying is not regulated as an individual offence in the Turkish Penal Code (TPC). However, the actions that constitute some of the crimes regulated in the TPC can also be considered as acts that constitute bullying. In this context, crimes such as directing suicide (§84), intentional injury (§86), torment (§96), sexual harassment (§105), threat (§106), blackmail (§107), disturbing individuals’ peace and harmony (§123), stalking (§123/ A), insult (§125), violation of confidentiality of communication (§132), eavesdropping and recording of conversations between persons (§133), violation of privacy (§134), illegally obtaining or giving data (§136) can be considered as cyberbullying if they are committed in digital environments. In the study, cyberbullying will be evaluated together with its characteristics, causes and effects on the victim; the issue of regulating cyberbullying as an independent crime in terms of its relation with criminal law or evaluating it within the existing crime types will be discussed.
Bullying refers to intentional and persistent disturbing behaviors, especially faced by people who cannot defend themselves. Bullying can be written, verbal or physical. With the development of technology, the widespread use of the internet and especially social networks, bullying, like many other behaviors, has been moved to the digital field and has begun to be expressed as cyberbullying. In this context, cyberbullying can be defined as acting to disturb another by using information and communication technologies. These actions may be threatening, insulting, or embarrassing. The difference between cyberbullying and bullying is the victimization-enhancing features of the internet environment. The fact that the shared content can never be completely deleted, that many people can be reached in a very short time, that people who bully can act more courageously thanks to its structure that allows anonymity; distinguishes cyberbullying from bullying. The fact that cyberbullying has become a common situation has made it necessary to evaluate it together with criminal law. In this context, different views have been put forward regarding the criminalizing of cyberbullying. As a matter of fact, in some countries, cyberbullying is regulated as a separate crime, and in some countries, the idea of evaluating cyberbullying within the scope of existing crimes has come to the fore. Cyberbullying is not regulated as an individual offence in the Turkish Penal Code (TPC). However, the actions that constitute some of the crimes regulated in the TPC can also be considered as acts that constitute bullying. In this context, crimes such as directing suicide (§84), intentional injury (§86), torment (§96), sexual harassment (§105), threat (§106), blackmail (§107), disturbing individuals’ peace and harmony (§123), stalking (§123/ A), insult (§125), violation of confidentiality of communication (§132), eavesdropping and recording of conversations between persons (§133), violation of privacy (§134), illegally obtaining or giving data (§136) can be considered as cyberbullying if they are committed in digital environments. In the study, cyberbullying will be evaluated together with its characteristics, causes and effects on the victim; the issue of regulating cyberbullying as an independent crime in terms of its relation with criminal law or evaluating it within the existing crime types will be discussed.
Description
Keywords
Bilişim suçları, Computer crimes, cyber grooming, Cyberbullying, cyberharassment, cyberviolence, çocukların sanal cinsel istismarı, Internet, İnternet, intikam pornosu, Law and legislation, revenge porn, siber şiddet, siber taciz, Siber zorbalık, social media, sosyal medya, Turkey, Türkiye, Yasa ve yasama
