Publication: 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda yoksullukla mücadele ve kurumlar
Abstract
Kuşkusuz ki, her toplumun çeşitli açılardan tabakalaşmış bir yapısı vardır ve bu tabakalaşmış toplumlarda, ekonomik ve sosyal olarak en alt seviyede bulunanlar yoksul kesimi oluşturur. Yoksulluk, tüm çağların bir gerçeği olup, Osmanlı toplumunda da her dönem farklı derinliklerde yaşanmıştır. İncelenen dönemde de Osmanlı toplumunun ekonomik açıdan homojen bir yapıya sahip olmadığına dair kesin bir tespit rakamlarla mümkün olmasa da kurumlar aracılığıyla rahatlıkla ifade edilebilir. Bu çalışmada XIX. yüzyıl İstanbul'unda yoksullukla mücadele için var olan kurumlara yansıyan bilgiler ışığında yoksullar, yoksulluk ve yoksulluğun nedenleri incelenmiştir. Klasik dönemde geleneksel dayanışma araçlarıyla yoksulluğu katlanılabilir hale getiren toplum, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl itibariyle devletin kendisini batılı devlet sistemlerine göre yeniden yapılandırmasıyla yeni çözümler ve kurumlar oluşturmuştur. Darülaceze, Hamidiye Etfal Hastanesi, Dulhane, Darüleytamlar gibi kurumlar, bu dönemde var olan yoksulluğa karşı verilen mücadeleye yönelik kurumsal düzenlemelerin en açık kanıtıdır. Bu kurumlar, başta yoksullar olmak üzere toplumdaki dezavantajlı bireylere ücretsiz hizmet sunmuş ve bu kurumlardan elde edilen veriler araştırmanın ana malzemesini oluşturmuştur. Bu sayede, yoksulluk hem olgu hem de sorun boyutunda kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir.
Undoubtedly, every society has a stratified structure in various respects, and in these stratified societies, those at the lowest economic and social levels constitute the poor. Poverty is a reality of all ages and has been experienced in different depths in Ottoman society in every period. Although it is not possible to make a definitive determination that Ottoman society did not have an economically homogeneous structure in the period under study, it can be easily expressed through institutions. In this study, the poor, poverty and the causes of poverty are analyzed in the light of the information reflected in the institutions that existed to combat poverty in nineteenth-century Istanbul. The society, which made poverty bearable through traditional means of solidarity in the classical period, created new solutions and institutions as the state restructured itself according to western state systems as of the nineteenth century. Institutions such as Darülaceze, Hamidiye Etfal Hospital, Dulhane, Darüleytams are the clearest evidence of the institutional arrangements for the struggle against poverty in this period. These institutions provided free services to disadvantaged individuals in the society, especially the poor, and the information reflected in the institutions constituted the main material of the research and poverty was analyzed both in terms of phenomenon and problem.
Undoubtedly, every society has a stratified structure in various respects, and in these stratified societies, those at the lowest economic and social levels constitute the poor. Poverty is a reality of all ages and has been experienced in different depths in Ottoman society in every period. Although it is not possible to make a definitive determination that Ottoman society did not have an economically homogeneous structure in the period under study, it can be easily expressed through institutions. In this study, the poor, poverty and the causes of poverty are analyzed in the light of the information reflected in the institutions that existed to combat poverty in nineteenth-century Istanbul. The society, which made poverty bearable through traditional means of solidarity in the classical period, created new solutions and institutions as the state restructured itself according to western state systems as of the nineteenth century. Institutions such as Darülaceze, Hamidiye Etfal Hospital, Dulhane, Darüleytams are the clearest evidence of the institutional arrangements for the struggle against poverty in this period. These institutions provided free services to disadvantaged individuals in the society, especially the poor, and the information reflected in the institutions constituted the main material of the research and poverty was analyzed both in terms of phenomenon and problem.