Publication: Türkiye’de 2. Meşrutiyet ve cumhuriyet dönemlerinde, iktisat politikaları ekseninde tarım sektörü (1908- 1939)
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, İkinci Meşrutiyet Dönemi ile Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi sırasında izlenen siyasi ve iktisadi politikalarındaki süreklilik veya farklılaşmayı izlemek amaçlanmıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarının ve Meşrutiyet döneminin fikir ve insan kaynaklarının büyük ölçüde ortak olmasının etkisi, birçok uygulamanın ilk örneklerinin veya benzerlerinin meşrutiyet döneminde görülmüş olması, meşrutiyetin ilanıyla meşruti monarşiye geçilmesiyle anayasal düzene geçiş sağlanması gibi gelişmeler iki dönem arasındaki sürekliliğe neden olan unsurlar olarak değerlendirilebilir. İktisat politikalarının uygulama alanı olarak tarım sektörü seçilmiştir.İkinci Meşrutiyet döneminde Balkanların kaybedilmesinden sonra milliyetçilik ön plana çıkmaya başladı ve iktisadi alanda milli iktisat politikası benimsendi. İkinci Meşrutiyet Döneminde başlayan devlet desteğiyle yerli burjuvazi oluşturma politikası, Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında da benimsendi, 1929 Dünya Bunalımına kadar devam etti. Tarımda makineleşme ve modern tekniklerin kullanılması teşvik edildi. Çıkarılan kanunlarla toprakta özel mülkiyet pekiştirildi. bu dönemde tarım alanındaki teşviklerden daha çok büyük toprak sahipleri faydalandı. 1930’lu yıllarda devlet sanayileşmeyi kendisi bizzat gerçekleştirmeye çalışırken, tarım alanında da büyük toprak sahipliğine karşı tavır almaya başladı. Toprak mülkiyeti, kooperatifçilik, makineleşme konusunda izlenen politikalar ve yapılan düzenlemeler büyük toprak sahiplerini zayıflatmaya yönelikti.Her iki dönem boyunca tarımın milli gelir içindeki payı aynı kaldı ve dönem boyunca nüfusun büyük bölümü tarımda istihdam edilmeye devam etti. Tarım sektörüne yüklenen görev; tarımsal üretimi artırarak ülkenin dış ticaret açığını kapatmak, ülke içinde de ülkenin iaşesini sağlamak, geliştirilmek istenen sanayiye hammadde temini, fiyat ve vergi politikaları aracılığıyla sanayi ile birlikte dönem boyunca yaşanan savaşların ve ekonomik krizin finansmanını büyük ölçüde sağlamak olmuştur.
This study aims to trace the continuities and discontinuities between political and economic policies pursued in Turkey during the Second Constitutional Period and Early Republican Period. Arguably, the Early Republican Period had striking continuities with the preceding Second Constitutional Era in that both drew upon more or less the same human and intellectual resources, precursors or counterparts of various practices first appeared in the latter and constitutional rule was firmly settled with the restoration of the constitutional monarchy. In this respect, the agricultural sector was selected as the applied field of economic policies in question.During the Second Constitutional Period, nationalism gained prominence with the loss of the Balkans, which also resulted in the adoption of the National Economic Policy. Formulated during the same period, the policy of creating a “national bourgeoisie” under state sponsorship was also continued in the early years of the Republic, and survived until the Great Depression of 1929. Accordingly, the authorities encouraged agricultural mechanization as well as the use of modern techniques. Further, private ownership of land was reinforced with new laws enacted, while it was mostly large holders of land who enjoyed the benefits of incentives in agriculture.In contrast, concomitant with its attempts to achieve state-sponsored industrialization in the 1930s, the government now began to develop unfavorable attitudes towards landlords in the agricultural sector. In this vein, policies and regulations on land ownership, agricultural cooperatives and mechanization were all intended to undermine the position of such large proprietors.Still, the share of agriculture in the overall GDP remained about stationary during both periods, with the large majority of the population still employed in the agricultural sector. During this second period under study, the key responsibilities of the agricultural sector was to reduce the foreign trade deficit by boosting agricultural production, ensure the provisioning of the local population, provide raw materials for the intended infant industries, and, through a series of price and taxation policies, largely finance, together with the industrial sector, the deficits caused by the war and economic crisis.
This study aims to trace the continuities and discontinuities between political and economic policies pursued in Turkey during the Second Constitutional Period and Early Republican Period. Arguably, the Early Republican Period had striking continuities with the preceding Second Constitutional Era in that both drew upon more or less the same human and intellectual resources, precursors or counterparts of various practices first appeared in the latter and constitutional rule was firmly settled with the restoration of the constitutional monarchy. In this respect, the agricultural sector was selected as the applied field of economic policies in question.During the Second Constitutional Period, nationalism gained prominence with the loss of the Balkans, which also resulted in the adoption of the National Economic Policy. Formulated during the same period, the policy of creating a “national bourgeoisie” under state sponsorship was also continued in the early years of the Republic, and survived until the Great Depression of 1929. Accordingly, the authorities encouraged agricultural mechanization as well as the use of modern techniques. Further, private ownership of land was reinforced with new laws enacted, while it was mostly large holders of land who enjoyed the benefits of incentives in agriculture.In contrast, concomitant with its attempts to achieve state-sponsored industrialization in the 1930s, the government now began to develop unfavorable attitudes towards landlords in the agricultural sector. In this vein, policies and regulations on land ownership, agricultural cooperatives and mechanization were all intended to undermine the position of such large proprietors.Still, the share of agriculture in the overall GDP remained about stationary during both periods, with the large majority of the population still employed in the agricultural sector. During this second period under study, the key responsibilities of the agricultural sector was to reduce the foreign trade deficit by boosting agricultural production, ensure the provisioning of the local population, provide raw materials for the intended infant industries, and, through a series of price and taxation policies, largely finance, together with the industrial sector, the deficits caused by the war and economic crisis.
Description
Keywords
20. yy, 20th century, Agriculture, Agriculture Sector, Constitutional Period, Cumhuriyet Dönemi, Economic aspects, Economic conditions, Economic history, Economic policies, Ekonomi tarihi, Ekonomik durum, Ekonomik yönleri, History, İktisat Politikaları, Meşrutiyet Dönemi, Osmanlı Devleti, Republic Period, Tarım, Tarım Sektörü Ottoman State, Tarih, Turkey, Türkiye
