Publication: Dünya gelir dağılımındaki bozulmada yeni korumacılığın rolü
Abstract
Dünya ekonomisi, altmış yılı aşkın bir süredir, ticaretin kolaylaştırılması ve serbestleştirilmesine yönelik çabaları sürdürmektedir. 1948 yılında imzalanan GATT’tan bugüne, uluslararası ticaretin serbestleştirilmesine yönelik çabalarda öncü rolü üstlenmiş olan gelişmiş ülkeler bugün, ithalatın ve dış rekabetin kontrolüne yönelik politikaları ve koruma engellerini uygulayan ülkeler konumundadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerin bu tutumu, oluşturulmalarına kendilerinin öncülük ettiği serbest ve adil ticaret ilkelerine de zarar vermektedir. Ticaretin serbestleşmesi konusundaki genel eğilim, 1973 Dünya Enerji Krizi’nden sonra değişmeye başlamış ve gelişmiş ülkelerde, çoğunlukla tarife dışı engellerin kullanıldığı yeni korumacılık akımı yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. 1970 sonrası dönemde, gelişmiş ülkelerce uygulanan bu yeni korumacılık önlemleri, özellikle az gelişmiş ülkelerin ihraç ettikleri emek-yoğun malların ticaretine yönelik olmakla beraber gelişmiş ülkeler, bu malların ithalatını sınırlandırarak rekabetçi durumda olmayan kendi yerli sanayilerini korumak istemişlerdir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelere uygulanan bu önlemler, bu ülkelerin kalkınma sürecini geciktirmekle kalmayıp, gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelişmiş ülkelere refah transferi gerçekleştirerek dünya gelir dağılımına da olumsuz yönde etki etmektedir. Çalışmada; farklı gelir gruplarına sahip ülkelerin uyguladıkları ve etkilendikleri korumacılık önlemleri araştırılmış; gelişmiş ülkelerin uyguladıkları yeni korumacılık önlemlerinin sayısının ve niteliğinin, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin uyguladığı önlemlerle karşılaştırıldığında daha fazla ve farklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gelişmiş ülkelerce, gün geçtikçe artan miktarlarda uygulanan bu önlemler, dünya gelir dağılımının bozulmasına yol açtığı gibi özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kalkınmalarını, ekonomik büyümelerini, dünya ticaretinden aldıkları payı ve gelir dağılımlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Gelir Dağılımı, Yeni Korumacılık, Tarife Dışı Engeller, Dünya Ticaretinin Serbestleşmesi
For more than sixty years, the word economy has continued its efforts to promote global trade liberalization and facilitation. Since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade signed in 1948 till today, the developing countries which became successive pursuers of trade liberalization, are now among the countries implementing protective trade barriers and policies aiming to control import trade and foreign competition. These policies of developing countries are harming the principals of free and fair trade which have been committed by themselves. The general trend on trade globalization has become to change after the Word Energy Crisis of 1973, and new protective trends mostly leading non-tariff trade barriers became prevalent among developing countries. These new protective precautionary measures, implemented by developing countries after the period of 1970’s, especially aiming the labor-intensified export trade of less developed countries, have also used by these countries in order to protect their uncompetitive domestic industries by restricting import volumes. These protective measures applied to less developed countries, do not only tend to slow down the development period of these countries, but also have negative impacts on global economic welfare through transferring welfare from less developed countries to developed countries. Although domestic income differences are not primarily effect the global income distribution, income differences within the countries are the leading factors effecting the global income distribution. In this respect, global income inequality has risen regularly in the last two centuries which was resulted not by the national income inequality but the income inequality within the nations. In the study; the protective measures, implemented and influenced by different countries with different income groups have been surveyed and concluded that the number and qualification of new protective measures implemented by the developed countries are more higher and various compared to the protective measures implemented by less developed countries. Income Distribution, New Protectionism, Non-Tarriff Barriers, Liberalization of World Trade
For more than sixty years, the word economy has continued its efforts to promote global trade liberalization and facilitation. Since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade signed in 1948 till today, the developing countries which became successive pursuers of trade liberalization, are now among the countries implementing protective trade barriers and policies aiming to control import trade and foreign competition. These policies of developing countries are harming the principals of free and fair trade which have been committed by themselves. The general trend on trade globalization has become to change after the Word Energy Crisis of 1973, and new protective trends mostly leading non-tariff trade barriers became prevalent among developing countries. These new protective precautionary measures, implemented by developing countries after the period of 1970’s, especially aiming the labor-intensified export trade of less developed countries, have also used by these countries in order to protect their uncompetitive domestic industries by restricting import volumes. These protective measures applied to less developed countries, do not only tend to slow down the development period of these countries, but also have negative impacts on global economic welfare through transferring welfare from less developed countries to developed countries. Although domestic income differences are not primarily effect the global income distribution, income differences within the countries are the leading factors effecting the global income distribution. In this respect, global income inequality has risen regularly in the last two centuries which was resulted not by the national income inequality but the income inequality within the nations. In the study; the protective measures, implemented and influenced by different countries with different income groups have been surveyed and concluded that the number and qualification of new protective measures implemented by the developed countries are more higher and various compared to the protective measures implemented by less developed countries. Income Distribution, New Protectionism, Non-Tarriff Barriers, Liberalization of World Trade