Publication: Çevrenin kasten ve taksirle kirletilmesi suçları (TCK m. 181, 182)
Abstract
Çevrenin kasten ve taksirle kirletilmesi suçları (TCK m. 181, 182) Sanayi Devrimi’nden itibaren giderek artan ve yaygınlasan çevre sorunları, günümüzde uluslararası toplumun en çok tartıstığı meselelerden biri haline gelmistir. Çevre sorunlarının sınır asan özelliği, konu hakkında birçok uluslararası sözlesmenin yapılmasına neden olmussa da, sorunun kaynağında önlenmesi gerekliliği, ülkelerin iç hukuklarını çevre sorunlarıyla mücadele edebilmek için gelistirmelerini zorunlu kılmıstır. Karsı karsıya olunan tehlikenin ciddiyeti ve diğer hukuk normlarının yetersiz kalması ise, çevrenin ceza hukuku yoluyla korunmasını gerektirmistir. Bu çalısmanın konusunu ise, arka planındaki tarihsel gelisim ve kavramsal altyapı ile birlikte 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 181. maddesinde yer alan “çevrenin kasten kirletilmesi” suçları ve 182. maddesinde yer alan “çevrenin taksirle kirletilmesi” suçu olusturmaktadır. Esasen Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 181. maddesinde birbirinden bağımsız iki ayrı suç tipi düzenlenmistir. Bunlardan ilki “atık veya artıkların toprağa, suya veya havaya kasten verilmesi”, diğeri ise “atık veya artıkların izinsiz olarak ülkeye sokulması” suçudur. Bu suç tipleri bakımından özellik arz eden baslıca hususlar hukuka aykırılık unsuru, kanunilik ilkesi, objektif cezalandırılabilme sartları ve tüzel kisiler hakkında uygulanabilecek güvenlik tedbirleridir. Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 182. maddesinde ise “çevrenin taksirle kirletilmesi suçu” düzenlenmektedir. Esasen bu suç tipi 181. maddesinin ilk fıkrasındaki suçun taksirli hali gibi düzenlense de, maddenin yazımından kaynaklanan farklar bulunmaktadır. evre ceza hukuku – çevrenin kirletilmesi – kast – taksir – atık – artık – hukuka aykırılık – kanunilik ilkesi – tüzel kisiler – güvenlik tedbirleri.
CRIMES OF INTENTIONAL AND NEGLIGENT POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENT (TCC Art. 181 & 182) Having been constantly increasing and spreading since the Industrial Revolution, environmental problems have become one of the most important issues discussed by the international society today. Even if the transboundary feature of the environmental problems caused many international treaties to be made, the necessity of prevention at the source forced the countries to develop their domestic law to be able to fight environmental problems. The severity of the encountered threat and the inadequacy of other legal norms necessitated the protection of environment through criminal law. The subjects of this study are the crimes of “intentional pollution of environment” prescribed by the article 181 of the Turkish Criminal Code numbered 5237 and the crime of “negligent pollution of environment” prescribed by the article 182 of the same code along with the underlying historical development and conceptual framework. As a matter of fact, the article 181 prescribes two crimes independent from each other. The first of these crimes is “intentional drainage of refuses and wastes to the ground, water or air” and the other one is “engagement in transfer of refuses or wastes into the country without permission”. The primarily important points of discussion concerning these crime types are the element of unlawfulness, the principle of legality, the objective conditions of punishability and the imposition of security measures on legal entities. The article 182 of the Turkish Criminal Code prescribes the crime of “negligent pollution of environment”. Even though this crime principally constitutes the negligent form of the crime prescribed in the first paragraph of the article 181, there are differences arising from its wording. Environmental criminal law – pollution of environment – intention – negligence – refuse – waste – unlawfulness – principle of legality – legal entities – security measures
CRIMES OF INTENTIONAL AND NEGLIGENT POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENT (TCC Art. 181 & 182) Having been constantly increasing and spreading since the Industrial Revolution, environmental problems have become one of the most important issues discussed by the international society today. Even if the transboundary feature of the environmental problems caused many international treaties to be made, the necessity of prevention at the source forced the countries to develop their domestic law to be able to fight environmental problems. The severity of the encountered threat and the inadequacy of other legal norms necessitated the protection of environment through criminal law. The subjects of this study are the crimes of “intentional pollution of environment” prescribed by the article 181 of the Turkish Criminal Code numbered 5237 and the crime of “negligent pollution of environment” prescribed by the article 182 of the same code along with the underlying historical development and conceptual framework. As a matter of fact, the article 181 prescribes two crimes independent from each other. The first of these crimes is “intentional drainage of refuses and wastes to the ground, water or air” and the other one is “engagement in transfer of refuses or wastes into the country without permission”. The primarily important points of discussion concerning these crime types are the element of unlawfulness, the principle of legality, the objective conditions of punishability and the imposition of security measures on legal entities. The article 182 of the Turkish Criminal Code prescribes the crime of “negligent pollution of environment”. Even though this crime principally constitutes the negligent form of the crime prescribed in the first paragraph of the article 181, there are differences arising from its wording. Environmental criminal law – pollution of environment – intention – negligence – refuse – waste – unlawfulness – principle of legality – legal entities – security measures