Publication: İspat hukukunda hakem bilirkişilik
Abstract
Taraflar, yaptıkları sözleşmeler ile yargılamanın değişik evrelerinde ispat üzerinde etki yapabilmektedirler. Medeni yargılamanın amacı, tasarruf ve taraflarca hazırlama ilkeleri ve usul ekonomisi gibi nedenler, tarafların, ispat hukuku alanında düzenleme yapma konusundaki menfaatlerini gerekçelendirmektedir. Bu sözleşmelerden birisi de, kanunda düzenlemesi olmayan hakem-bilirkişi sözleşmeleridir. Hakem-bilirkişi sözleşmesi ile taraflar aralarındaki belirli bir uyuşmazlık konusunun miktarının veya niteliklerinin hakem-bilirkişiler tarafından tespit edileceğini ve bu tespitin de kendileri için bağlayıcı olduğunu kabul ederler. Türk Hukuku'nda hakem-bilirkişi sözleşmeleri delil sözleşmesi olarak kabul etmektedir. Bize göre ise, hakem-bilirkişi sözleşmesi, tarafların karar için önem taşıyan unsur veya olguları çekişmesiz duruma getirmek için yaptıkları ispat sözleşmesi ve dolayısıyla usul sözleşmesi olup karma bir nitelik gösterir. Çünkü hakem-bilirkişi her zaman usuli ilişkide etki etmek üzere değil, bir yargılama sürecinden bağımsız olarak da bağlayıcı tespitler yapabilmektedir. Hakem-bilirkişilerin faaliyeti, hakem, bilirkişi ve hâkimden farklıdır. Hakem-bilirkişi sözleşmeleri tarafları ve hâkimi bağlamakta, ancak, hâkimin delilleri serbestçe değerlendirmesini ortadan kaldırmamaktadır. Genel işlem şartları içerisinde yer alan hakem-bilirkişi sözleşmeleri, diğer maddi hukuk sözleşmeleri gibi denetlenecektir. Taraflar arasındaki usuli taraf eşitliğini bozan ve anayasal iddia ve savunma hakkını önemli ölçüde kısıtlayan genel koşullar geçersiz olacaktır. Hakem-bilirkişi sözleşmesinin şekli, seçilmeleri, hakem-bilirkişi raporlarının ileri sürülmeleri ve etkisi, incelemelerini nasıl yapacakları ve işlevleri, hakem-bilirkişilerin ücret ve masraflarının ödenmesi, hakem-bilirkişi raporlarına karşı itiraz ve İptal yolu hakkında kanunda düzenleme yoktur. Sigorta poliçeleri genel şartlarında yer alan hükümler Yargıtay tarafından uygulanmaktadır. Bu konulardaki boşluk, usul hukukunun benzer müesseselerinden yararlanılarak doldurulabilir. Bu konuda bilirkişilik ve tahkim müesseselerinden faydalanarak bir sonuca ulaşılabileceği görüşünde olduğumuzu belirtmek gerekir.
The parties may influence proof in veious stages of proceedings by means of making contracts. Reasons such as the objective of civil procedure, the principle of proparation by the parties anal economy of procedure underlie the parties interest in making agreements in the field of law proof. Contracts of expert-arbiter, which are not provided for in the code, are one of such contracts. The parties, by means of contracts of expert- arbiter, accept that the amount or characteristics of a certain dispute between them shall be determined by expert-arbiters and that such determination is binding upon them. Contract of expert- arbiter are considered contracts of evidefice in Turkish law. We believe that contracts of expert-arbiter are contracts of proof and there fore contracts of procedure which parties conclude in order to terminate controversy about the elements and facts which are significant for the judgement and have a mixed haracter. Because the expert-arbiter not always influences the procedural relationship, but may make binding determinations independent from the proceedings. The activity of the expert-arbiter as different from that of the arbiter, expert and the judge. Contracts of expert- arbiter are binding on the parties and the judgei but do not prevent the judge from evaluating the evidences freely. The contracts of expert arbiter which graped within general clauses shall be reviewed like other contracts of substantive law. General clauses impairing egnality between the parties and restricting remarkably the constitutional rights to litigate and to defend shall be void. The code does not contain provisons governing the from of the contract of expert-arbiter, the appointment of expert-arbiters, the submission of their reports and the effects they will create, how the expert-arbiters shall do their duty and their functions, the payment of their salaries and expenses, and remedies aganist their reports. The court of cassation applies the provisions in the general clauses of insurance policies. The vacuum iuris in this field may be filled by using similar institutions of procedural law. It must be mentioned that we believe the institutiens of expertise and arbitration may be useful in this field.
The parties may influence proof in veious stages of proceedings by means of making contracts. Reasons such as the objective of civil procedure, the principle of proparation by the parties anal economy of procedure underlie the parties interest in making agreements in the field of law proof. Contracts of expert-arbiter, which are not provided for in the code, are one of such contracts. The parties, by means of contracts of expert- arbiter, accept that the amount or characteristics of a certain dispute between them shall be determined by expert-arbiters and that such determination is binding upon them. Contract of expert- arbiter are considered contracts of evidefice in Turkish law. We believe that contracts of expert-arbiter are contracts of proof and there fore contracts of procedure which parties conclude in order to terminate controversy about the elements and facts which are significant for the judgement and have a mixed haracter. Because the expert-arbiter not always influences the procedural relationship, but may make binding determinations independent from the proceedings. The activity of the expert-arbiter as different from that of the arbiter, expert and the judge. Contracts of expert- arbiter are binding on the parties and the judgei but do not prevent the judge from evaluating the evidences freely. The contracts of expert arbiter which graped within general clauses shall be reviewed like other contracts of substantive law. General clauses impairing egnality between the parties and restricting remarkably the constitutional rights to litigate and to defend shall be void. The code does not contain provisons governing the from of the contract of expert-arbiter, the appointment of expert-arbiters, the submission of their reports and the effects they will create, how the expert-arbiters shall do their duty and their functions, the payment of their salaries and expenses, and remedies aganist their reports. The court of cassation applies the provisions in the general clauses of insurance policies. The vacuum iuris in this field may be filled by using similar institutions of procedural law. It must be mentioned that we believe the institutiens of expertise and arbitration may be useful in this field.