Publication: İslam hukuku ve İngiliz hukukunun akdin kuruluşu bakımından mukayesesi
Abstract
Akitler, toplumsal hayatın vazgeçilmez unsurlarından biri olup sosyal hayatta kurulan hukuki ilişkilerin pek çoğu akitlere dayanmaktadır. Bu sebeple tarih boyunca tüm hukuki sistemler, borçlar hukukunun temelini oluşturan akitlere ilişkin düzenlemeler getirmiştir. Hukuk sistemleri akitlerin kuruluş biçimi, geçerliliği ve hükümleri gibi temel konularda düzenleme yapılmasını önemsemiştir. Bu anlamda önemli bir yere sahip olan akitlerin kuruluşu, hukuk sistemlerinde muhtelif düzenlemelere tabi tutulmuştur. Düzenlemelerde söz konusu olan farklılıklar, akdin geçerliliğini ve hükmünü etkilediği için hukuk sistemlerinin akdin kuruluşuna dair düzenlemelerinde bulunan benzerlik ve farklılıkların ortaya konması önem arz etmektedir. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda, İslam hukuku ve İngiliz hukuku sistemlerinde akitlerin kuruluşunun mukayesesi konu edinilmiştir. Çalışmada akitlerin kuruluşunda gerekli olan unsurlar ele alınmış, irade beyanının gereklilikleri detaylıca izah edilmiş ve hukuk sistemlerinin akdin kuruluşuna yaklaşımları mukayese edilmiştir. Şekli benzerlikten ziyade işlev ve içerik bakımından birbirine benzer olan başlıklar mukayese tabi tutulmuştur. Dolayısıyla mukayesede; işlevsel denklik ilkesi esas alınarak irade beyanının akitlerle ilişkisi, iradenin varlığı ile beyan edilmesi arasındaki ilişki, icabın tespiti, irade beyanının iletilmesi ve iletilme biçimleri, gaipler arası akit, icabı sona erdiren sebepler, irade beyanlarının varlığını sürdürmesi, tek taraflı sözleşmelerde irade beyanı incelenmiştir.
Contracts are one of the indispensable elements of social life and most of the legal relations established in social life are based on contracts. Throughout the history all legal systems have made regulations regarding the contracts that form the basis of the law of obligations. Legal systems have given importance to make regulations on fundamental issues such as the form, validity and provision of the contracts. The establishment of contracts which have an important place in this sense has been subject to various regulations in legal systems. Since the differences in the regulations affect the validity and provision of the contract it is important to reveal similarities and differences in the regulations of the legal systems regarding the establishment of the contract. In the study, I focused on the comparison of the establishment of contracts in Islamic law and English law systems. Essential elements for the establishment of the contracts are discussed, then requirements of the declaration of intent are explained in detail. At last, the approaches of the legal systems to the establishment of contracts are compared. Titles that are similar in terms of function and content rather than similarity in form have been compared. Therefore, in comparison, the relationship of the declaration of intent with the contracts, the relationship between the existence of the intent and the declaration, determination of the offer, the expression of the declaration of intent and its forms, the contract between the interabsentes, the reasons of termination of the offer, the continuation of the declarations of intent, the declaration of intent in unilateral contracts has been examined based on their functional equivalence.
Contracts are one of the indispensable elements of social life and most of the legal relations established in social life are based on contracts. Throughout the history all legal systems have made regulations regarding the contracts that form the basis of the law of obligations. Legal systems have given importance to make regulations on fundamental issues such as the form, validity and provision of the contracts. The establishment of contracts which have an important place in this sense has been subject to various regulations in legal systems. Since the differences in the regulations affect the validity and provision of the contract it is important to reveal similarities and differences in the regulations of the legal systems regarding the establishment of the contract. In the study, I focused on the comparison of the establishment of contracts in Islamic law and English law systems. Essential elements for the establishment of the contracts are discussed, then requirements of the declaration of intent are explained in detail. At last, the approaches of the legal systems to the establishment of contracts are compared. Titles that are similar in terms of function and content rather than similarity in form have been compared. Therefore, in comparison, the relationship of the declaration of intent with the contracts, the relationship between the existence of the intent and the declaration, determination of the offer, the expression of the declaration of intent and its forms, the contract between the interabsentes, the reasons of termination of the offer, the continuation of the declarations of intent, the declaration of intent in unilateral contracts has been examined based on their functional equivalence.