Publication: Comparison of the U.S. and the E.U. biotechnology approaches and policies for prediction of prospects for Turkey
Abstract
Bu tezin çıkıs noktası biyoteknoloji alanında Türkiye’nin nasıl bir politika stratejisi belirlemesi gerektigine dair öngörüde bulunmak ve politika eksikliklerini gidermek için çözümlerin neler olabilecegine dair cevaplar bulmaktı. Bunun için A.B.D ve A.B iki farklı örnek olarak ele alınıp basarı kriterlerini belirleyen indikatörlerin karsılastırması yapılmaya çalısılmıs ve aynı indikatörler baz alınarak Türkiye için durum degerlendirmesi yapılarak uygun stratejinin belirlenmesine çalısılmıstır. A.B.D ve A.B’nin politikalarının karsılastırması için seçilen indikatörler ve bunlara dair verilerin karsılastırmasından çıkarılan sonuçlar gerek hukuksal, gerek ekonomik, gerekse sosyal açılardan tartısmalara açık olsada, A.B.D’nin bu konuda izledigi stratejinin sonuç odaklı oldugu ve istenen sonucuda A.B.D açısından sagladıgı söylenebilir. A.B’de ise biyoteknoloji alanındaki uygulamalar konusunda net bir tavır belirlenemedigi için net bir politika stratejisinden de bahsedilememektedir. Bu durum iki nedenden kaynaklanmaktadır; birincisi A.B.D’nin biyotek konusundan daha erken yol alması ve dolayısıyla rakiplerine karsı avantaj elde etmesi. kincisi ise A.B’nin ticari ve rekabet kaygılarından dogan korumacı yaklasımıdır. Türkiye için ise durum bu iki modelden biraz daha farklıdır çünkü Türkiye’de ki bürokratik engeller, ekonomik ve teknolojik bagımlılık sorunu, uygun stratejiyi belirlemede en büyük iki engeli teskil etmektedir. Esas itibariyle bu iki engelin ilk etapta kaldırılması biyotek politikasının ilk hedefi olmalı ve geriye varolan potansiyeli aktif hale getirmek ve dıs etkenlere karsı hukuksal, ekonomik ve sosyal önlemlerin alınması kalmalıdır.
The starting point of this thesis is to predict what kind of a political strategy Turkey should determine in the field of biotechnology and what the solution can be to resolve the policy defectiveness. Therefore, the U.S and the E.U. taken as two different examples and comparison of indicators that determine the success criteria has been done. It is the same indicators used for Turkey’s current condition analysis in order to determine the appropriate strategy. Although the results that deduced from the chosen indicators and from the compared data related with these indicators for comparison of the U.S. and the E.U policies are open to discussion both from legislative, economic and social aspects, it can be said that the U.S.A’s strategy is focused on final aims and provides the desired results from the side of the U.S. From the E.U’s side because there is no clear attitude determined about applications in the field of biotechnology a clear policy or strategy can not be mentioned. This situation derived from two reasons. The first one is the U.S. get to first base in biotech and therefore gained advantages over its competitors. The second one is the E.U’s protectionist approach resulting from its trade and competition concerns. The situation is somewhat different than these two models for Turkey because bureaucratic restrictions, economic and technological dependence of Turkey are the two main difficulties to determine the appropriate strategy. In principle resolving these two difficulties should be the initial target of biotech policies in the first place. What is left to do is to activate the existing potential of Turkey and taking legislative, economic and social measurements against external factors.
The starting point of this thesis is to predict what kind of a political strategy Turkey should determine in the field of biotechnology and what the solution can be to resolve the policy defectiveness. Therefore, the U.S and the E.U. taken as two different examples and comparison of indicators that determine the success criteria has been done. It is the same indicators used for Turkey’s current condition analysis in order to determine the appropriate strategy. Although the results that deduced from the chosen indicators and from the compared data related with these indicators for comparison of the U.S. and the E.U policies are open to discussion both from legislative, economic and social aspects, it can be said that the U.S.A’s strategy is focused on final aims and provides the desired results from the side of the U.S. From the E.U’s side because there is no clear attitude determined about applications in the field of biotechnology a clear policy or strategy can not be mentioned. This situation derived from two reasons. The first one is the U.S. get to first base in biotech and therefore gained advantages over its competitors. The second one is the E.U’s protectionist approach resulting from its trade and competition concerns. The situation is somewhat different than these two models for Turkey because bureaucratic restrictions, economic and technological dependence of Turkey are the two main difficulties to determine the appropriate strategy. In principle resolving these two difficulties should be the initial target of biotech policies in the first place. What is left to do is to activate the existing potential of Turkey and taking legislative, economic and social measurements against external factors.