Publication: II. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında SSCB’deki Türk göçleri (Ahıska ve Kırım Tatarları)
Abstract
1917 Bolşevik İhtilali ile birlikte Çarlık Rusya’sında Rus olmayan milletler kendi cumhuriyetlerini kurmuş ve Kırım Türkleri de kendi hükümetlerini kurarak bağımsızlıklarını ilan etmişlerdir. Fakat bu durum uzun sürmemiş Bolşevikler kısa bir süre sonra Kırım'ı işgal ederek burada Kırım Türkleri’ni imha etmek, milli kültürlerini yok edip Kırım'ı Ruslaştırma siyasetini izlemeye başlamıştır. Türkiye’nin Gürcistan sınırında bulunup Posof İlçesi’nin devamı sayılan Ahıska Bölgesi de 1921 Moskova Anlaşması ile nüfusunun %90'ının anadili Türkçe olan 240 köy ve kasaba ile SSCB'ye bırakılmıştır. Bundan sonra felaket yılları olarak değerlendirebileceğimiz gözyaşı dolu yıllar başlamıştır. Sindirme ve Türk izlerini silmek amaçlı politikalar uygulayan SSCB, Kırım Türkleri’ni sürgün ve açlıkla, Ahıska Türkleri’ni ise erkekleri II. Dünya Savaşı’nda askere alıp, geride kalanlara ise baskı uygulayarak sindirmeye çalışmıştır. SSCB II. Dünya Savaşı’nın sonlarına doğru Kırım ve Ahıska Türkleri’ni anavatanlarından binlerce km. mesafedeki Sibirya ve Batı Türkistan'a zorunlu göçe tabi tutmuştur. Göç ettirildikleri yerlerde büyük sıkıntılar yaşayan Kırım ve Ahıska Türkleri, Stalin'in ölümünden sonra vatanlarına geri dönüş çabası içerisine girmişlerdir. Türlü zorluklara rağmen geri dönmeyi amaç edinen ve bu amaca yönelik çeşitli çalışmalar yapan Kırım Türkleri’nin bir kısmı amaçlarına ulaşmasına rağmen, Ahıska Türkleri amaçlarına ulaşamamıştır. 1990’lı yıllara gelindiğinde SSCB dağılınca nisbeten üzerlerindeki baskı azalmıştır. Kırım Türkleri geri dönerken, Ahıska Türkleri kendi içlerinde daha önceden bölünmeler yaşadıkları için hala geri dönüş çabası içindeydiler. Bu dönemde Ukrayna Kırım Türkleri’nin geri dönüşünde bir takım yardımlarda bulunmuş, Gürcistan ise özellikle batı ile bütünleşebilmek adına Ahıska Türkleri’nin geri dönüşü konusunu gündeme almak zorunda kalmıştır. Ancak bir takım şartlar öne sürerek Ahıska Türkleri’nin geri dönüşü konusunda engeller çıkarmıştır. 2004 yılında ABD göç etme imkânı tanıyınca on binin üzerinde Ahıska Türkü buraya göç etmiştir. Ahıska Türkleri’ne bu imkânı sunan ABD, onları aynı yerlerde iskân ettirmeyerek farklı eyaletlere dağıtmıştır. Mevcut şartlara hızla uyum sağlayan Ahıska Türkleri yeniden hayata tutunmaya çalışmışlardır. Yine bu sıralarda meydana gelen renkli devrimler ve iç çatışmalar Ahıska Türkleri’nin geri dönüşü önündeki diğer engelleri oluşturmuştur. 2014 Şubat ayında RF’nin Kırım’ı ilhak etmesi ve RF’ye katılım referandumu sonrası Kırım’ın RF’ye bağlanmasıyla birlikte yeni bir sürece girilmiştir. Kırım Tatar Milli Meclisi Başkanı Rıfat Çubarov, Kırım Türkleri’nin devlet eliyle değil RF baskısıyla kendileri göç etmeye başladığını ifade edip, göç edilen yer konusunda herhangi bir bilgi vermemiştir. Referandum öncesinde Kırım Türkleri’ne bir takım haklar vaat edilmesine rağmen sonrasında baskı altına alınmışlar ve önde gelenlerine Kırım’a giriş gibi bir takım yasaklar getirilmiştir. Sonuç kısmında genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak gelecekte görülebilecek olası durumlar müzakere edilmiştir. Kırım göçleri, Rusya, ABD, Ahıska Türkleri, Kırım Türkleri
The non-Russian nations in Tsarist Russia, founded their own republics with the Bolshevik Revolution and the Crimean Turks also declared their independence by establishing their own government. But this situation didn't last long and the Bolsheviks began to carry out a policy to annihilate the Crimean Turks and their national culture to Russianize Crimea by occupying the peninsula soon after. The Ahıska Region, which is on the Georgia frontier of Turkey and counted as the continuation of Posof County, was abandoned to USSR with the Moscow Treaty of 1921 with 240 villages and towns in which the native language of the population was %90 Turkish. Henceforth, years full of tears began which we can consider as catastrophic years. The USSR, which practised polcy implementations aiming to suppression and remove Turkish traces, tried to suppress the Crimean Turks by deportation and starvation and the Ahıska Turks (Meskhetian Turks) by recruiting the men for the front in the World War II and by applying oppression to the others. USSR, late in the World War II, deported the Crimean and Ahıska Turks to Siberia and West Turkistan which are thousand kilometres away from their homelands. The Crimean and the Ahıska Turks, whom experienced difficulties at the places that they have been deported, gone into the effort of returning to their homelands after the death of Stalin. Although a part of the Crimean Turks succeeded to gain their objective by their several endeavour aiming to return back despite various challenges, the Ahıska Turks couldn't achieve their objectives. When USSR fragmented politically in the 1990s, the oppression upon them decreased relatively. The Crimean Turks returned to their homeland, but the Ahıska Turks were still endeavouring to return because of being partitioned among themselves previously. Ukraine done some aid for Crimean Turks to return back and also Georgia had to put the matter of Ahıska Turks returning back on the agenda in this period, in order to become integrated with the West especially. But also by asserting a number of clauses, created difficulties for the returning back of Ahıska Turks. When USA enabled immigration in the year 2004, more than ten thousand Ahıska Turks emigrated here, The USA, which had given this opportunity to the Ahıska Turks, didn't settle them in the same places and distributed to different provinces. By accommodating themselves quickly to the present conditions, the Ahıska Turks tried to clutch onto the life again. Nevertheless, the çolourful revolutions and the internal conflicts, occurred about this time, formed the other difficulties before the returning back of the Ahıska Turks. After Russian Federation's (RF) annexing Crimea in February in 2014 and the participation referendum to RF, a new period began by the affiliation of Crimea to RF. Rıfat Çubarov, the president of the Crimean Tartar National Assembly, stated that the Crimean Turks began to migrate not because of the State but by the pressure of the RF, but he had given no sign about the direction of the migration. Though some rights were promised to the Crimean Turks before the referendum, later on they have been suppressed and their leadership had been exposed to some prohibitions such as entering Crimea. The possible circumstances that could be seen in ti future had been discussed by a general consideration in the conclusion. Answer Key: Crimean migrations, Russia, USA, Ahıska Turks, Crimean Turks
The non-Russian nations in Tsarist Russia, founded their own republics with the Bolshevik Revolution and the Crimean Turks also declared their independence by establishing their own government. But this situation didn't last long and the Bolsheviks began to carry out a policy to annihilate the Crimean Turks and their national culture to Russianize Crimea by occupying the peninsula soon after. The Ahıska Region, which is on the Georgia frontier of Turkey and counted as the continuation of Posof County, was abandoned to USSR with the Moscow Treaty of 1921 with 240 villages and towns in which the native language of the population was %90 Turkish. Henceforth, years full of tears began which we can consider as catastrophic years. The USSR, which practised polcy implementations aiming to suppression and remove Turkish traces, tried to suppress the Crimean Turks by deportation and starvation and the Ahıska Turks (Meskhetian Turks) by recruiting the men for the front in the World War II and by applying oppression to the others. USSR, late in the World War II, deported the Crimean and Ahıska Turks to Siberia and West Turkistan which are thousand kilometres away from their homelands. The Crimean and the Ahıska Turks, whom experienced difficulties at the places that they have been deported, gone into the effort of returning to their homelands after the death of Stalin. Although a part of the Crimean Turks succeeded to gain their objective by their several endeavour aiming to return back despite various challenges, the Ahıska Turks couldn't achieve their objectives. When USSR fragmented politically in the 1990s, the oppression upon them decreased relatively. The Crimean Turks returned to their homeland, but the Ahıska Turks were still endeavouring to return because of being partitioned among themselves previously. Ukraine done some aid for Crimean Turks to return back and also Georgia had to put the matter of Ahıska Turks returning back on the agenda in this period, in order to become integrated with the West especially. But also by asserting a number of clauses, created difficulties for the returning back of Ahıska Turks. When USA enabled immigration in the year 2004, more than ten thousand Ahıska Turks emigrated here, The USA, which had given this opportunity to the Ahıska Turks, didn't settle them in the same places and distributed to different provinces. By accommodating themselves quickly to the present conditions, the Ahıska Turks tried to clutch onto the life again. Nevertheless, the çolourful revolutions and the internal conflicts, occurred about this time, formed the other difficulties before the returning back of the Ahıska Turks. After Russian Federation's (RF) annexing Crimea in February in 2014 and the participation referendum to RF, a new period began by the affiliation of Crimea to RF. Rıfat Çubarov, the president of the Crimean Tartar National Assembly, stated that the Crimean Turks began to migrate not because of the State but by the pressure of the RF, but he had given no sign about the direction of the migration. Though some rights were promised to the Crimean Turks before the referendum, later on they have been suppressed and their leadership had been exposed to some prohibitions such as entering Crimea. The possible circumstances that could be seen in ti future had been discussed by a general consideration in the conclusion. Answer Key: Crimean migrations, Russia, USA, Ahıska Turks, Crimean Turks