Publication: İstirdat davası
Abstract
İcra hukukundaki şekli hukuk kuralları, maddi hukuk bakımından hak ihlaline sebep olabilir. Maddi hak ihlali ile taraflar arasında bozulan dengeyi sağlamak üzere, İcra ve İflas Kanunu’nda istirdat davası düzenlenmiştir. Bu dava ile borçluya maddi hukuk bakımından borçlu olmadığının genel mahkemelerce tespiti imkânı sağlanmıştır.Aleyhine başlatılan icra takibinde borçlunun ödeme emrine itiraz etmemesi ya da itirazının icra mahkemesince kaldırılması neticesinde icra takibinin kesinleşmesiyle borçlu, gerçekte borçlu olmadığı ve icra tehdidi altında ödediği paranın iadesi için genel mahkemede istirdat davası açabilir (İİK m. 72/ 6-8). Menfi tespit davasında, ihtiyati tedbir kararı verilmemiş olması nedeniyle icra takibine devam edilmiş ve borç ödenmişse, menfi tespit davası kendiliğinden istirdat davasına dönüşür ve istirdat davası olarak görülmeye devam edilir (İİK m. 72/ 6). İstirdat davasının hem icra hukuku çerçevesinde bazı dava veya kurumlar ile hem de maddi hukuk yönü itibariyle bazı davalarla ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Özellikle menfi tespit ve sebepsiz zenginleşme davası, istirdat davasıyla ilişkili ve ortak yönleri olan davalardır. Menfi tespit ile istirdat davası arasındaki temel fark, menfi tespit davasının borcun ödenmesine kadar açılması; istirdat davasının ise borcun ödenmesinden sonra açılması olduğundan, menfi tespit davası, istirdat davasının öncüsü niteliğindedir. Haksız kazandırmanın iadesini sağlayan ve bu yönüyle tamamlayıcı işlevi üstlenen sebepsiz zenginleşme davası, icra takibi neticesinde maddi hukuk kapsamındaki hakkı zedelenen borçlunun hakkına kavuşmasını sağlayan istirdat davası ile benzerlik göstermektedir. İstirdat davası, esasen sebepsiz zenginleşme davasının icra hukukundaki özel görünümüdür.İstirdat davası, icra hukukundan kaynaklanan bir dava olmasına rağmen, taraflar arasındaki ihtilafı maddi hukuk bakımından çözümleyen bir davadır. İstirdat davasında genel dava şartlarının yanında kendine özgü dava şartları vardır. İstirdat davası, Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu’nda geçerli olan delillere ve genel hükümlere göre yapılan yargılamaya tabidir.
The form of law in enforcement law can lead to material rights violations. In order to ensure the balance that has been broken between the parties with the violation of material rights, restitution case has been issued in the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law. The possibility of determining that it is not indebted in terms of financial law by the general courts has been provided to the debtor through the restitution case.As a result of the fact that the debtor does not object to the payment order or his objection is canceled by the executive court in the enforcement proceedings, the debtor may open an appeal in the general court for the return of the money that he is not indeed indebted and paid under the threat of execution (İIK m. 72/ 6-8). In the negative determination case, if an interim injunction has not been issued, the enforcement proceedings have been continued and the debt has been paid, the negative determination case automatically turns into an restitution case and continues to be regarded as an restitution case (İIK art. 72/ 6).The restitution case is related to certain actions (or institutions) within the framework of enforcement law and some actions in terms of material law. Especially the action of negative determination and unjust enrichment are the cases that are related to the restitution case. The main difference between the negative determination case and the unjust enrichment case is the opening of the negative determination case until the payment of the debt; Since the restitution case can be opened after the payment of the debt, the negative determination case is the pioneer of the restitution case. The enrichment case, which provides the return of unfair reward and which complements this aspect, is similar to the restitution case, which ensures that the debtor whose right under the material law is damaged as a result of enforcement proceedings. The restitution case is essentially the special view of enforcement proceedings in enforcement law.Although the restitution case is a lawsuit arising from enforcement law, it is a case that resolves the dispute between the parties in terms of material law. In the case of restitution, there are specific case conditions in addition to the general case conditions. The restitution case is subject to the proceedings made in accordance with the evidence and general provisions applicable in the Civil Procedure Law.
The form of law in enforcement law can lead to material rights violations. In order to ensure the balance that has been broken between the parties with the violation of material rights, restitution case has been issued in the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law. The possibility of determining that it is not indebted in terms of financial law by the general courts has been provided to the debtor through the restitution case.As a result of the fact that the debtor does not object to the payment order or his objection is canceled by the executive court in the enforcement proceedings, the debtor may open an appeal in the general court for the return of the money that he is not indeed indebted and paid under the threat of execution (İIK m. 72/ 6-8). In the negative determination case, if an interim injunction has not been issued, the enforcement proceedings have been continued and the debt has been paid, the negative determination case automatically turns into an restitution case and continues to be regarded as an restitution case (İIK art. 72/ 6).The restitution case is related to certain actions (or institutions) within the framework of enforcement law and some actions in terms of material law. Especially the action of negative determination and unjust enrichment are the cases that are related to the restitution case. The main difference between the negative determination case and the unjust enrichment case is the opening of the negative determination case until the payment of the debt; Since the restitution case can be opened after the payment of the debt, the negative determination case is the pioneer of the restitution case. The enrichment case, which provides the return of unfair reward and which complements this aspect, is similar to the restitution case, which ensures that the debtor whose right under the material law is damaged as a result of enforcement proceedings. The restitution case is essentially the special view of enforcement proceedings in enforcement law.Although the restitution case is a lawsuit arising from enforcement law, it is a case that resolves the dispute between the parties in terms of material law. In the case of restitution, there are specific case conditions in addition to the general case conditions. The restitution case is subject to the proceedings made in accordance with the evidence and general provisions applicable in the Civil Procedure Law.