Türk bankacılık sistemindeki teknolojik gelişmeler, telefon, internet bankacılığının gelişimi ve uygulamaları

Abstract

Bankalar uzun bir zaman kurumsal bankacılık üzerinde temellenen klasik bankacılık hizmetleriyle uğraşmayı yeğlemişlerdir. Bu tür hizmetlerin geliştirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılması uzun zaman bankaların temel uğraş alanı olmuştur. Ancak 20 yy'ın ikinci yarısından sonra bankaların bireysel bankacılık faaliyetleri teknoloji ile beslenerek gelişmiştir. Artan banka sayısı, kurumsal rekabetin karlılığı azaltması ve makroekonomik trendlerden doğan riskler nedeniyle yeni arayışlara giren bankalar bireyi keşfetmişlerdir. Birbiri ardına müşteri odaklı bireysel bankacılık ürünlerini piyasaya süren bankalar hizmet kalitesinde farklılaşmaya gitmek durumunda kalmışlardır. Bankalarda en önce değişen unsur İnternet'in gelişmesinde de ana unsur olan teknolojidir.Bir çok işlemi aynı anda ve daha az hatayla yapılabilmesine olanak sağlayan teknolojilerin bankacılık sektörüne girmesi bankaların operasyonel maliyetlerini aşağılara çekebileceklerini fark etmelerine neden oldu. Bu bankaların bu tür teknolojik yeniliklere olan taleplerini artırdı.Bu talebi değerlendiren yeni ekonomi şirketleri banka ve diğer finans kuruluşlarının yararlanabileceği ürün yelpazelerini geliştirdiler.Bu ürünler arasında en çok göze çarpanları,bankalara işlemlerini sanal ortama taşıma olanağı sağlayan çözümler olmuştur. Bankaların istihdam ettikleri iş gücünde ve mevcut iş gücünün yapısında önemli değişiklikler olmuş.Bankaların rutin operasyonel işlemleri yapacak eleman kadrolarını daraltırken.yeni teknolojik alt yapısını kuracak ve geliştirecek olan bilişim işçilerini dahil etmeye başlamıştır.Bankalar bu teknolojik alt yapının kurulması ve desteklenmesi kendi kaynakları dışında dış kaynakları da kullanma yoluna gitmişlerdir. Teknoloji alanında standardizasyonun olmaması bankaların iç sistemlerinde ve stratejik ortaklarınla yürüttükleri projelerde bir çok olumsuzluğa neden olmaktadır.Standart eksikliğinin getirdiği uyumsuzluklar sistemleri iyi niyetli olmayan iç ve dış ataklara maruz bırakabilmektedir.Bu tür risklerin engellenmesi için bankalar gerekli denetim ve gözetim konrolleri geliştirmek duurmundadırlar. Bankalar sanal ortamda rekabet edebilmeleri ve başarıyı yakalayabilmeleri için yeni iş modelleri oluşturmalı ve değer zincirlerinde değişiklik yapacak yeniliklerle hizmet kalitesini yükseltmelidirler.Bunun yapılmasıyla bankalar sanal ortamda rakiplerinden farklı olmayı başarabileceklerdir. Rekabet sadece mevcut bankalar arasında olmamaktadır.Sadece İnternet bankası diye adlandırılan sadece sanal ortamda işlem yapan bankalar ve özellikle Kuzey Amerika'daki banka dışı finans kuruluşlarıda bu yarışa girmeye başlamışlardır. Bu yeni yapı içerisinde yerini almak zorunda olan banka ve benzeri kuurumlar yapılarını bu yeni ve çetin rekabet ortamına göre şekillendirmesi gerekmektedir. Bankaların bankacılık uygulamalarında her geçen gün yeni teknik ve uygulamalar geliştirdikleri gözlemlenmektedir. Bankaları bu teknoşojik gelişmeleri uygulamaya iten sebepler aşağıda geniş olarak anlatılmaya çalışılmakla beraber; bankacılık faaliyetlerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte tüketici kredileri, kredi kartları, ATM'ler, satış noktası terminalleri (point-of-sale/ POS terminal) ve otomatik takas odası (automated clearing house (ACH), ev/ ofisbankacılığı, telefon bankacılığı, çağrı merkezleri, internet ve WAP bankacılığı gibi hizmetler bankacılığın yeni uğraş alanları olmuştur. Bankalar aşırı bir rekabetin yaşandığı günümüzde rakiplerine üstünlük sağlamak için çeşitli ve kaliteli hizmet sunma yarışına girmişlerdir. Bunun için de teknolojik gelişmelerden yararlanmaktadırlar. Özellikle iletişim sektöründe yaşanan gelişmeler bankacılık üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bankalar müşteriyi kazanmak ve devamlı müşteri haline getirmek için kaliteli, hızlı ve daha az maliyetli hizmet sunmak zorundadırlar. Günümüz bankacılığının çeşitli elektronik teknolojik iletişim aletlerinin (telefon, bilgisayar, GSM, internet) ihtiva ettiği iletişim kanallarının da kullanılarak bankacılık muamelelerinin gerçekleştirilmesi anlamına gelen uzaktan bankacılık işlemleri olduğu söylenebilir. Teknolojik gelişmeler ve genel kabul görmelerle uzaktan bankacılık stratejik bir faktör olarak kullanılabilir ve varolan şube yapısının kayda değer bir kısmının yerine ikame edilebilir. Koşulsuz müşteri memnuniyetini esas alan günümüz bankacıları, bu yeni bankacılık enstrumanlarından müşterilerini olabildiğince yoğun kullandırma gayreti içerisindedirler. Bu gayret her geçen gün yeni bankacılık enstrumanlarının geliştirilmesine, bankaların hizmet kalitesinde gözle görülür artışlara ve hizmet farklılaştırılmalarına yol açmaktadır. En büyük değişimin yaşandığı alan ise rekabet ortamı olmuştur.Genelde içine kapalı bir görüntü arz eden bankacılık sektörü internet''n tetiklemesi ile sektör içi rekabet artmıştır.Bankaların internet sayesinde daha çok kişiye ulaşma coğrafi sınırlardan kurtulma şansı yakalasa da aynı nedenlerle kendi müşterilerini diğer bankalara kaybetme riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmışlardır.Bunun neticesinde bankalar ürün ve fiyat farklılaştırmasını sağlayabilmek için kıyasıya rekabet içine girmişler; veri ambarları gibi yapılar kurarak. İnteraktif pazarlama yolu ile hayat boyu harcama değerinde en yüksek getiriyi elde etme yollarını aramaya başlamışlardır. Bankacılık ve teknolojinin,çağımızda birbirinden ayrılması düşünülemez iki farklı hizmet olduğu kesindir.Bankacılık,her gün ortaya çıkan yeni istekler ve yaratıcı arzuları ile teknolojiye sürekli yeni buluşlar ve gelişmelerle tüketicilerin,bireylerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılama,verimliliği ve memnuyeti artırıcı öğeleri ön plana çıkarma nedeni ile bankacılığı destekleme sonucunda çok yakın bir çalışma/ uygulama beraberliği oluşturmaktadır. Tez çalışmamda 2000 li yıllarda bankacılıkta kat edilen büyük mesafeyi ve bankaların teknolojik yenilikler sayesinde nereden nereye geldiklerini, bu dönemde geliştirilen yeni bankacılık tekniklerini, bu yeni tekniklerin kullanım sahalarını ve ne derece amacına ulaşabildiklerini ve yakın gelecekte bankacılığı, bireysel bankacılığı ve bankalardaki teknolojik yeniliklerin günümüzde banka sektöründeki önemini,teknoloji ve bilginin akıllı ve starejik bir sentezle örülüp doğan sinerjiyle desteklenen yapısını günümüzde banka sektöründeki önemini araştırıp anlatmaya çalıştım. In the past decade, we have observed without criticizing the globalization of macroeconomic prescriptions in many economic issues such as decreasing role of government for reaching fiscal balances, increasing trend of openness to trade and financial liberalization for rapid economic growth. However, there is at least one issue that economists do not agree on : disinflationary programs. There is still debate on whether it should be based on exchange rate or whether it should be soft or hard peg, or whether intermediate goals should be determined or ignored in order to reach ultimate goal. Three main alternative disinflationary policy regimes are examined in this paper which are hard peg, monetary targeting and inflation targeting. In hard peg exchange rate policies, there are two alternatives. First one is currency board where domestic currency is pegged to foreign currency (generally U.S. Dollar) and a fixed conversion rate is announced. Second one is full dollarization where domestic currency is completely removed from circulation. Advantages of this policy are listed below. Firstly, this policy breaks the inflation expectations. Since in high inflation countries, inflation expectations is one of the major determinants of realized inflation, this policy makes domestic inflation move down to anchor country's one. Secondly, exchange rate risk gets weaker because continuity of the policy requires confidence on announced rate. Absence of exchange rate risk brings more secure environment for both private investment, financial activities and stable economic growth. More foreign short and long term investors invest in that country and that creates foreign exchange supply. This supply flow is so important for country to continue its policy easily. Also, with lower exchange rate risk, domestic interest rates would fall because of nonexistence of depreciation/ devaluation risk. By this way, funds with lower interest rates and longer maturity dates would be available for both public and private (especially banking) sector borrowing requirements.As a third advantage, money demand and supply changes in the market are automatically adjusted by increase/ decrease in interest rates. In that sense, populist political decisions have no effect in money market because of automatic adjustment mechanism. Fourthly, it can be noted that it is easy for policymakers to make public understand themonetary policy. This gives credibility to monetary authority while applying its policy. Besides these factors, country applying hard peg policy must be careful about choosing anchor currency. Foreign currency which is mostly used in export should be chosen as anchor. Indeed, public should be familiar with the anchor currency. For instance, while Latin America countries should choose U.S. Dollar; Turkey, after monitoring its performance, should choose Euro when we consider export earnings of that countries. On the other hand, hard peg regimes contain several drawbacks seen in its applications. Third advantage mentioned above could also be interpreted as a disadvantage of country because there is no room for national monetary policy. In the case of dollarization, since there is no national currency, it would be unnecessary to conduct national monetary policy. Although in currency board regime national currency does not disappear, fixing exchange rate makes monetary authority unable to control money supply and interest rates. Furthermore, this country would be ineffective in terms of monetary policy if it is exposed to speculative attacks or demand/ supply shocks. Another important disadvantage of hard peg policies is that Central Bank has no more lender-of-last-resort function (definitely not in full dollarization). If there also exist banking sector problems such as mismatch of maturity dates, risky credits, high debt in terms of foreign currency etc. hard peg policy (not full dollarization) contains high degree of devaluation risk. As this risk accumulates, more anchor currency would be demanded and finally would cause devaluation of national currency against the anchor one. This means giving up completely hard peg regime which would dramatically result in prestige and credibility loss of overall national economy. In other words, there exists another disadvantage of hard peg regimes which policy makers can not easily quit from policy. In full dollarization case, the situation is more severe and it doesn't enable the country to reuse its national currency. Country in hard peg monetary regime walks on a thin line if it has substantial budget deficit. If policy is applied successfully with the help of global environment, deficit could easily be financed by borrowing and increasing tax revenues due to stable economic environment. But if things start to go wrong, like in Argentina example in 1994 and 1999, budget deficit may increase or financing the deficit may become more costly. Speculative escape from country combined with banking sector problems lead to increase in interest rates. This would bring additional cost for financing budget deficit. Unless budget deficit is taken under fully control, there exist problematic issues in fiscal policy. Since tax is the major revenue of government and tax is paid in terms of national currency, we can say that asset side of budget is expressed by national currency. On the other hand, there are some items in the liability side, such as interest payments, which can be expressed by in terms of anchor currency. In the panic atmosphere, while assets of government decreasing, liabilities increase in terms of national currency. That is, puzzle becomes more complex if fiscal problems are unsolved. Another monetary policy alternative is monetary targeting. Monetary targeting is a policy of reducing inflation rate by taking the strict control of one of the monetary aggregates. In that policy, there should be strong relationship between chosen monetary aggregate and inflation. Also, relationship between money supply and money demand, money demand equation should be identified. This identification helps to construct more clear inflation equation in order to lower inflation with right tools. In other case, monetary authority would not be successful in lowering inflation even if it reaches the target levels of chosen monetary aggregate. In that sense, instrument independence of Central Bank would be criticized and Central Bank would lose credibility and public support. However, in high inflation countries, it is easier to find out which monetary aggregate reflects the deviation in inflation because, rather than low inflation countries, in high inflation countries inflation has become mainly a monetary phenomenon. II- BANKING HISTORY After World War II, by the establishment of new countries, which are called Third World; new economy politics were formed due to the changes in the order of the world. From 1950's to 1970's, countries directed their economy politics to develop their national capitals. These country's economies were based on production devoted to domestic market. However, in 1970's the world went into a big economic crisis. There're many reasons behind this economic crisis such as; the imbalance between production and consumption, the increase in oil prices and economic crisis in Latin American countries, which were indebted to IMF and the World Bank. The basic reason is the imbalance between production and consumption during the industrialization process in Third World. As a result of technologic developments, the increase in output in the fields of production caused lots of workers to be dismissed all over the world. Thereupon, a large part of the populations started to live with difficulty. This situation became a limiting status for the increase in output at the end of 70's. Furthermore, due to the augmentation in oil prices, commercial enterprises made too much loss. These enterprises were obliged to dismiss lots of worker and shutdown many factories. Lastly, since there've been an economic crisis in Latin American countries like Argentina and Brazil, world economy had been damaged. After the industrialization process started in 50's, these countries were lent huge amount of money by IMF and World Bank. However, these countries misused those credits and industrialization never became fact completely.This crisis affected world in two main ways, which are; globalisation and urbanization. The main effect is the globalisation. After the economic crisis, industrialization became organized all over the world. By the fluidity of capital, markets became a united whole and financial integrity was obtained. Commercial enterprises and governors went towards new economy politics. As a result of the change in production logic, factories were found in areas where the cost price of the product was the lowest. Another effect is the urbanization. Due to the changes in economy politics, organization of production became harder. This caused specialized firms to appear in metropolises. And these firms changed the organization of cities. In these years, some metropolises such as London and New York came into rivalry to draw more firms. New offices and settlements were built. As a result of this rivalry, today London is known as the center of Banking and New York, the center of finance. In conclusion, by the economic crisis in 1970's,which was based on three main reasons such as; the imbalance between production and consumption, the increase in oil prices and economic crisis in Latin American countries which were indebted to IMF and the World Bank, caused economy politics to change all over the world. Globalisation started and financial integrity was supplied. III- BANKING INFORMATION SYSTEM and INFORMATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY An information system , can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve) , process , store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. In addition to supporting decision making , coordination and control information systems may also help managers and workers analyze problems , visualize complex subjects,and creat new products.Information systems contain information about significant people,places ,and things within the organization or in the environment surrounding it. Three activities in an information system produce the information that organizations need for making decisions ,controlling operations ,analyzing problems and creating new products or services.These activities are input ,processing,and output.Input captures or collects raw data from within the organization or from its external environment.Processing converts this raw input into a more meaningful form.Output transfers the processed information to the people or activities where it will be used.Information systems also require feedback,which is output that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Over the last 30 years , computing costs have dropped by a factor of 10 each decade and capacity has increased by factor of at least 100 each decade . Today's microprocessors can put a mainframe on a desktop , and eventually into a briefcase of shirt pocket . The future will see even more intelligence built into everyday devices ,with mainframe and perhaps even supercomputer-like computing power packed in a pocket -or notebook-sized computer .Computers and related information technologies will blend data ,images and sound ,sending them coursing through vast networks that can process allof them with egual ease. Computer technology could be so powerful. We can see how this might be possible through the use of multimedia , network computers, and fifth - generation computers. Banking information is defined as the technologies that facilitate the integration of two or more types of media ,such as text,graphics,sound ,voice ,full- motion video ,still video,or animation into a computer-based application.Multimedia is becoming the foundation of new consumer products and services ,such as electronic books and newspapers,electronic classrom presentation technologies ,full-motion video conferencing ,imaging,graphics design tools ,and video and voice mail.Many World Wide Web sites are multimedia. Network computers are smaller ,simpler and cheaper versions of the traditional personal computer that do not store software programs or data permanently.Instead, users download whatever software or data they need from a central computer over the internet or an organization's own internal network.