Publication: Avrupa’da popüli̇st güvenli̇kleşti̇rme : FIDESZ, RN ve PvV örnekleri̇
Abstract
Popülizme, güvenlik bağlamında atıfta bulunan, güvenlikleştirme ile ilişkilendirilen çok sayıda çalışma bulunmasına rağmen bu çalışmalar milliyetçilik, aşırı sağın yükselişi, göçmenler ve sınır konuları üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Ancak popülizmin gerçek rolü ve önemi ile popülistlerin temsil ettiklerini öne sürdükleri “halk” kavramı güvenlikleştirme teorisi bağlamında hala belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Popülistlerin düzenli olarak güvenlik kavramına ve dünyada yaşanan güvenlik sorunlarına atıfta bulunmaları onları önemli bir aktör haline getirirken, güvenlikleştirme teorisi ise güvenliğin popülistler tarafından nasıl inşa edildiğini açıklayan ve güvenlik yapılarının etkilerini inceleyen analitik kavramlar sunmaktadır. Güvenlikleştirme teorisinin tanımladığı varoluşsal kavramlar ve güvenliğin karşıt mantığı gibi kilit unsurlar popülist politikalarla uyum göstermektedir. Bu durum popülist söylemlerin bu mantığı nasıl kullanabileceğine yönelik bir çerçeve sağlamaktadır. Bu tezde güvenlikleştirme ve popülizm ilişkisinden yola çıkılarak “popülist güvenlikleştirme”, elitizm karşıtı bir kibir, “dışarıdan” bir lider figürü, eylemsel bir kitlenin katılımı, referans nesnesinin homojen kimliği ve güvenlikleştirici ile kitle arasında doğrudan ilişki ile karakterize edilen belirli bir güvenlikleştirme tarzı olarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Bu kavramsallaştırmaya bağlı olarak sağ popülist partilerin söylemlerinde popülist güvenlikleştirmenin nasıl gerçekleştiği sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Bu bağlamda Avrupa'da sağ popülist partiler arasında yer alan FIDESZ, FN/ RN ve PvV’nin 2015-2022 seçim kampanyası söylemleri “popülist güvenlikleştirme” kavramsallaştırmasıyla analiz edilmiş, geleneksel güvenlikleştirme teorisinden farklılaşan yönleri araştırılmış ve Avrupa tutumlarını nasıl şekillendirdiği değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak popülizm, aktörlerin halkın kimliğini yeniden inşa edecek şekilde meseleleri güvenlikleştirdiği farklı bir tarzı temsil ettiği ve popülist lider tarafından korunmaya muhtaç olduğu iddia edilen halka ve elitlere karşı bir çağrı ile ayırt edilen belirli bir güvenlikleştirme tarzı olduğu ileri sürülmüştür.
It has been long acknowledged that there are numerous studies referring to populism within the context of security and associated with securitisation; however, these studies have primarily concentrated on nationalism, the rise of the extreme right, immigration, and border issues. Moreover, the actual function and significance of populism, as well as the concept of the people that populists claim to represent, remain unclear within the broader sphere of securitisation theory. While populists frequently appeal to the concept of security and security problems throughout the world, securitisation theory provides fundamental analytical concepts that explain how populists construct security and examine the effects of security structures. The identification of securitization theory with existential concepts offers a framework for understanding how essential components such as the counter-logic of security and the demand for urgent politics, are consistent with populist politics and how populist discourses might employ this logic. By drawing on the connections between securitization and populism, this thesis refers to populist securitization as a specific type of securitization characterized by an anti-elitist arrogance, an outsider leader figure, the participation of an activist audience, the homogeneous identity of the object of reference, and a direct connection between the securities and the audience. Based on this conceptualization, the question of how populist securitisation manifests itself in the discourse of right-wing populist parties has been attempted to be answered. In this context, the 2015-2022 election campaign discourses of FIDESZ, FN/ RN, and PvV, which are among Europe's key right-wing populist parties, have been analyzed with the conceptualisation of populist securitisation, their distinguishing features from traditional securitisation theory have been investigated, how they shape their positions towards European integration is evaluated. As a result, it is argued that populism represents a distinct style in which actors securitize issues in a way that reconstructing the people's identity, and that populism is a particular style of securitisation, distinguished by an appeal by the populist leader to the people and elites who are allegedly in need of protection.
It has been long acknowledged that there are numerous studies referring to populism within the context of security and associated with securitisation; however, these studies have primarily concentrated on nationalism, the rise of the extreme right, immigration, and border issues. Moreover, the actual function and significance of populism, as well as the concept of the people that populists claim to represent, remain unclear within the broader sphere of securitisation theory. While populists frequently appeal to the concept of security and security problems throughout the world, securitisation theory provides fundamental analytical concepts that explain how populists construct security and examine the effects of security structures. The identification of securitization theory with existential concepts offers a framework for understanding how essential components such as the counter-logic of security and the demand for urgent politics, are consistent with populist politics and how populist discourses might employ this logic. By drawing on the connections between securitization and populism, this thesis refers to populist securitization as a specific type of securitization characterized by an anti-elitist arrogance, an outsider leader figure, the participation of an activist audience, the homogeneous identity of the object of reference, and a direct connection between the securities and the audience. Based on this conceptualization, the question of how populist securitisation manifests itself in the discourse of right-wing populist parties has been attempted to be answered. In this context, the 2015-2022 election campaign discourses of FIDESZ, FN/ RN, and PvV, which are among Europe's key right-wing populist parties, have been analyzed with the conceptualisation of populist securitisation, their distinguishing features from traditional securitisation theory have been investigated, how they shape their positions towards European integration is evaluated. As a result, it is argued that populism represents a distinct style in which actors securitize issues in a way that reconstructing the people's identity, and that populism is a particular style of securitisation, distinguished by an appeal by the populist leader to the people and elites who are allegedly in need of protection.