Publication: Türki̇ye’de kadın gi̇ri̇şi̇mci̇li̇ği̇n tari̇hçesi̇ ve 1990’larda kadın gi̇ri̇şi̇mci̇li̇ği̇ni̇ artırmaya yöneli̇k yapılan düzenlemeler
Abstract
Bu tez ülkelerin ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmalarında önemli bir yere sahip olan kadın girişimciliğinin Türkiye özelinde incelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada girişimcilik genel hatları ile değerlendirildikten sonra kadın girişimciliğinin ortaya çıkışı ve Türkiye’deki gelişim süreci üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında kadın girişimciliğine yönelik düzenlemelerin belirginlik kazanmaya başladığı 1990’lara odaklanılmıştır. Türkiye’de kadın girişimciliğinin serüveni 1970’lerde yaşanan ekonomik sorunların, ekonomik hayata yansımaları ile birlikte hız kazanmıştır. Bu yıllarda IMF ve Dünya Bankası gibi uluslararası finans kuruluşlarının üçüncü dünya ülkelerine önerdiği yapısal uyum politikalarının bir ürünü de “kadın girişimciliği” idi. 1970’lerde gündeme gelen kadın girişimciliğinin ekonomik hayatın bir parçası olarak ele alınmış olsa da özellikle devlet öncülüğündeki projeler ile desteklenmesine yönelik çalışmalar 1990’larda ağırlık kazanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’nin 1985’de imzaladığı “Birleşmiş Milletler Kadınlara Karşı Her Türlü Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesine Dair Sözleşme” kapsamında 1990’da Kadın Statüsü ve Sorunları Genel Müdürlüğü (KSSGM) kurulmuştur. KSSGM, Türkiye’de kadın girişimciliğinin gelişiminde ve karşılaşılan sorunların giderilmesinde öncü bir rol oynamıştır. Bununla birlikte Türk Medeni Kanununda yer alan ve kadınların iş yeri açabilmesi için gerekli olan “koca izni” şartı 1990’da kaldırılmıştır. 1990’ların başında atılan bu iki adım ile birlikte kadın girişimciliğinin özgün bir alan olarak değerlendirilmesinin önünü açmıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışmada Türkiye’de “kadın girişimciliğinin” gelişimi doğrultusunda 1990’larda kadın girişimciliğine yönelik gerçekleştirilen teşvik ve destekler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada 1990’larda gerçekleştirilen kadın girişimciliğini teşvik ve destekleme çalışmalarının kadın girişimciliğini olumlu etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu anlamda kadınlara sağlanan eğitim programları, kurs ve benzeri etkinlikler ile girişim için gerekli olan sermayenin çeşitli krediler ile sağlanması kadın girişimciliğini teşvik eden başlıca etmenler olarak öne çıkmıştır.
This thesis discusses the analysis of women entrepreneurship within Turkey which has an important place in the development of economic and social development of the country. In this perspective, evaluating the enterprise in general lines, the emergence of the woman entrepreneurship and the process of its development in Turkey are emphasized in this research. In the context of this research, 1990s, during which the regulations on the women entrepreneurship started to be significant, are focused on. The journey of women entrepreneurship in Turkey picked up pace with the reflection of economic problems on economic life. In those years, one of the outcomes of the policies of structural adjustments, which international financial foundations such as IMF and The World Bank offered to the Third World Countries, is “women entrepreneurship”. The women entrepreneurship, emerged in 1970s, was approached as a part of the economic life. However, the works to support this entrepreneurship with the projects leaded by the government and private sector gained emphasis in 1990s. In this area, Kadın Statüsü ve Sorunları Genel Müdürlüğü (KSSGM) (Directorate General on Status, and Problems of Women – DGSPW) was set up in 1990s within the scope of United Nations’ Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women which Turkey signed in 1985. KSSGM, played a principal role in the development of women entrepreneurship and the removal of the problems faced. Adding to that, “The permission of the husband” requirement which had been in Turkish Civil Code and necessary so that women had the right of establishment was repealed in 1990. Thanks to these two steps taken in the beginning of 1990s, the limitations in front of the concept of considering women entrepreneurship as an independent field were removed. Consequently, in this work, the encouragement and supports carried out in 1990s in the field of women entrepreneurship throughout the development of this entrepreneurship were discussed. In this research, the projects on women entrepreneurship encouragement and support were observed that they affected the women entrepreneurship positively. For this objective, along with the educational programmes, courses and similar activities provided for women, the fact that the necessary capital for the entrepreneurship was provided by the means of various credits stood out as the main effects encouraging the women entrepreneurship.
This thesis discusses the analysis of women entrepreneurship within Turkey which has an important place in the development of economic and social development of the country. In this perspective, evaluating the enterprise in general lines, the emergence of the woman entrepreneurship and the process of its development in Turkey are emphasized in this research. In the context of this research, 1990s, during which the regulations on the women entrepreneurship started to be significant, are focused on. The journey of women entrepreneurship in Turkey picked up pace with the reflection of economic problems on economic life. In those years, one of the outcomes of the policies of structural adjustments, which international financial foundations such as IMF and The World Bank offered to the Third World Countries, is “women entrepreneurship”. The women entrepreneurship, emerged in 1970s, was approached as a part of the economic life. However, the works to support this entrepreneurship with the projects leaded by the government and private sector gained emphasis in 1990s. In this area, Kadın Statüsü ve Sorunları Genel Müdürlüğü (KSSGM) (Directorate General on Status, and Problems of Women – DGSPW) was set up in 1990s within the scope of United Nations’ Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women which Turkey signed in 1985. KSSGM, played a principal role in the development of women entrepreneurship and the removal of the problems faced. Adding to that, “The permission of the husband” requirement which had been in Turkish Civil Code and necessary so that women had the right of establishment was repealed in 1990. Thanks to these two steps taken in the beginning of 1990s, the limitations in front of the concept of considering women entrepreneurship as an independent field were removed. Consequently, in this work, the encouragement and supports carried out in 1990s in the field of women entrepreneurship throughout the development of this entrepreneurship were discussed. In this research, the projects on women entrepreneurship encouragement and support were observed that they affected the women entrepreneurship positively. For this objective, along with the educational programmes, courses and similar activities provided for women, the fact that the necessary capital for the entrepreneurship was provided by the means of various credits stood out as the main effects encouraging the women entrepreneurship.