Publication: Kıymetli evrakın ziyaı ve iptali
Abstract
Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun 557'nci maddesinde, kıymetli evrakın tanımı şu şekilde yapılmıştır: Kıymetli evrak öyle senetlerdir ki, bunlarda mündemiç olan hak senetten ayrı olarak dermeyan edilmediği gibi baskalarına da devredilemez. Bu tanımda iki temel unsur vardır: Bunlardan birincisi, hakkın senede bağlı olduğu ve senetsiz ileri sürülememesi; ikincisi ise, hakkın senetten ayrı devredilememesidir. Kıymetli Evrakın Zıyaı ise, Senedin çalınma, gasp, yırtılma ya da kaybolma gibi bir insan fiili île veya deprem, su baskını ya da yangın gibi doğal bir olayla hamilin rızası olmaksızın elden çıkması veya senedin hamilin elinde bulunmakla beraber, yıpranma, bozulma gibi nedenlerle kullanılamaz hale gelmesi durumudur. Kıymetli evrakın zayi olmasından dolayı hamil tarafindan muhataba ibraz edilememe, mutlak ve nisbi anlamda olabilir: Mutlak anlamda ibraz edilememe; senedin yırtılması, yanması vb. gibi hallerde, senedin ibrazının herkes için imkansız olması halidir. Nisbi anlamda ibraz edilememe ise; senedin çalınması, kaybedilmesi vb. gibi hallerde, senedin ibrazının sadece senedi zayi eden hamil açısından imkansız olması halidir. Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda iptale ilişkin hükümlerin yer aldığı TTK.'nın 563 ila 565'inci maddelerindeki düzenleme, yetersizdir. Nama ve hamiline yazılı senetlerin iptaline ilişkin düzenlemeyi ihtiva eden TTK.'nın 573 ila 578'inci maddelerinde toplanan hükümler de poliçeye ilişkin hükümlerin hemen hemen tekrarındanibarettir. Kıymetli evrakın nisbi anlamda ziyaı söz konusu ise, senedi ele geçirecek bir kimsenin senedi, senet borçlusuna ibraz ederek hakkı talep etmesine engel olmak amacı ile, hamilin derhal mahkemeye başvurarak Ödemeden Men Kararı alması gerekir. Mahkemenin vereceği bu karar Önleyici Tedbir niteliğinde olup, bir dava değil, nizasız kaza konusudur. Senedi zayi eden hamil, mahkemeden Ödemeden Men Karan aldıktan sonra, senedin kimin elinde olduğunu biliyorsa istirdat davası açması gerekir. Senedi zayi ettiğini ve meşru hamil olduğunu iddia eden kimse, senedin kimin elinde olduğunu bilmiyorsa; mahkemeye başvurarak, senedin iptaline karar verilmesini isteyebilir. iptal müessesesi; hem zayi eden hamilin hem de borçlunun menfaatlerim korumakta olup, söz konusu bu çalışmada konu ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır.
LOSS AND INVALIDATION OF VALUABLE DOCUMENTS This paper aims at studying in detail the process of invalidation of documents which is designed to guarantee the rights of both the holder and the debter. Valuable documents are defined as follows by the article 557 of Turkish Commercial Law. Valuable documents are such vouchers that the rights contained in cannot be transferred to anybody else nor they could be produced separately from the voucher itself. This definition comprises two basic elements: That the right is indispensable from the voucher and cannot be claimed independently and that it is not transferable unless the voucher itself is submitted to the authorities. Any damage on valuable documents is defined as the case when a voucher is inedvertently disposed of either by a humanly deed such as seizure by force, stealing, tearing or losing or as a result of a natural disaster such as eartquake, flood or fire and when it was damaged by wearing out or withering and thus becomes invalid despite that it is still at the disposal of the holder. Refusal or failure in producing any valuable document to the addressee is considered in two different senses: In absolute sense, it could inedvertently be produced both for the holder and the addressee because it has been burnt up or torn while, in a relative sense, it becomes impossible to produce it on the part of the holder only if the voucher has been stolen or lost When the holder who has lost the voucher he may appeal to the court concerned to obtain a warrant for suspension of payment then he should bring a suit against the person who is believed to hold it for confiscation of it from him . If he does not know the identity of the holder, then, he should again appeal to the court and request the invalidation of the voucher.
LOSS AND INVALIDATION OF VALUABLE DOCUMENTS This paper aims at studying in detail the process of invalidation of documents which is designed to guarantee the rights of both the holder and the debter. Valuable documents are defined as follows by the article 557 of Turkish Commercial Law. Valuable documents are such vouchers that the rights contained in cannot be transferred to anybody else nor they could be produced separately from the voucher itself. This definition comprises two basic elements: That the right is indispensable from the voucher and cannot be claimed independently and that it is not transferable unless the voucher itself is submitted to the authorities. Any damage on valuable documents is defined as the case when a voucher is inedvertently disposed of either by a humanly deed such as seizure by force, stealing, tearing or losing or as a result of a natural disaster such as eartquake, flood or fire and when it was damaged by wearing out or withering and thus becomes invalid despite that it is still at the disposal of the holder. Refusal or failure in producing any valuable document to the addressee is considered in two different senses: In absolute sense, it could inedvertently be produced both for the holder and the addressee because it has been burnt up or torn while, in a relative sense, it becomes impossible to produce it on the part of the holder only if the voucher has been stolen or lost When the holder who has lost the voucher he may appeal to the court concerned to obtain a warrant for suspension of payment then he should bring a suit against the person who is believed to hold it for confiscation of it from him . If he does not know the identity of the holder, then, he should again appeal to the court and request the invalidation of the voucher.