Publication: Legis actiones sisteminde exceptioların dikkate alınması sorunu
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Roma Hukukunda exceptio, ilk yargılama aşamasında dava formulasına eklenen ve mahkûmiyeti
koşula bağlayan bir kayıt olarak formula usûlünün bir ürünüdür. Yazılı formula yoluyla dava açmanın
söz konusu olmadığı legis actiones sisteminde, formulaya eklenen bir kayıt olarak exceptio var olamaz.
Eski usûlün katı şekilciliği nedeniyle yargılamanın yargıç önündeki ikinci aşamasında, davacının ileri
sürdüğü hakkın kayıtsız şartsız inkârı dışında bir savunma ileri sürülemez. Gelgelelim bu tespit, daha
sonralar exceptio yoluyla ileri sürülmesi mümkün olan savunma sebeplerinin eski usûlde yargılama
sürecinde hiçbir şekilde dikkate alınmadığı anlamına gelmez. Bu savunmaların bazıları yargılamanın
ilk aşamasında görevli magistratus tarafından incelenip karara bağlanır; davalının iddiasının haklı
görülmesi halinde dava reddedilir. Yargılama sırasında ileri sürülmesi olanaklı olmayan savunmalar
davalının mahkûm olmasını önleyemese de davacının yasayla düzenlenmiş bir yasak kuralına aykırı
olarak davalı aleyhinde mahkûmiyet kararı elde etmesi halinde, davalı yasaya aykırılığı karşı dava
yoluyla ileri sürülebilir ve mahkûm olduğu miktarı aynen ya da misliyle geri isteyebilir.
In Roman law exceptio, a clause inserted in the formula in the first stage of the procedure and subjecting the condemnation to a condition, was a product of the formula procedure. In the legis actio procedure, in which there is no room for suits by written formulas, the exceptio could not exist. Because of the rigid formalism of the old procedure, one could not raise a defence other than the unconditional deny of the right alleged by the plaintiff in the second stage of the procedure. However, merely this statement does not indicate that the grounds of defence, which are used to be raised through exceptio afterwards, were not in any way taken into consideration during the process. Some of these defences were examined and ruled in by the competent magistrate, and if seemed approppriate, the case was dismissed. Even though the defences that were not taken into consideration during the procedure could not prevent the defendant to be condemned, in case where the plaintiff had obtained a condemnation against the defendant contrary to any prohibitive legislation, the defendant could raise the breach of the law and demand the condemnation amount to be restituted in simple or two-fold.
In Roman law exceptio, a clause inserted in the formula in the first stage of the procedure and subjecting the condemnation to a condition, was a product of the formula procedure. In the legis actio procedure, in which there is no room for suits by written formulas, the exceptio could not exist. Because of the rigid formalism of the old procedure, one could not raise a defence other than the unconditional deny of the right alleged by the plaintiff in the second stage of the procedure. However, merely this statement does not indicate that the grounds of defence, which are used to be raised through exceptio afterwards, were not in any way taken into consideration during the process. Some of these defences were examined and ruled in by the competent magistrate, and if seemed approppriate, the case was dismissed. Even though the defences that were not taken into consideration during the procedure could not prevent the defendant to be condemned, in case where the plaintiff had obtained a condemnation against the defendant contrary to any prohibitive legislation, the defendant could raise the breach of the law and demand the condemnation amount to be restituted in simple or two-fold.
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HELVACI S., EREN S., "Legis Actiones Sisteminde Exceptioların Dikkate Alınması Sorunu", Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt.28, sa.1, ss.1334-1358, 2022
