Publication: Osmanlı Maden hukuku ve Maâdin nizamnameleri
Abstract
Osmanlı Devleti’nin Klasik Dönemi’nde maden hukuku, esasları şer’i hukuka dayanmakla beraber örfi hukukla yani kanunnameler ve yasaknamelerle bölgelere özel olarak tanzim edilmekteydi. On dokuzuncu yüzyıldan itibaren başlayan birtakım gelişmeler ve değişimler sonucunda Tanzimat’tan sonra maden hukuku ilk defa kapsamlı ve ayrıntılı olarak umumi nizamnamelerle düzenlenmeye başlanmıştır. İlk kez 1861 yılında 1810 Fransız Maden Kanunu örnek alınarak hazırlanan Maâdin Nizamnamesi, önceki nizamnamelerin yetersizliği, elde edilen tecrübeler, gelen şikâyetler ve yabancıların baskıları sonucunda 1869, 1887 ve 1906 yıllarında eskileri mülga olunarak tekrardan tanzim edilmiştir. Bu çalışma giriş, sonuç ve toplam üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde İslam hukukundaki ve Klasik Dönem’deki maden hukuku genel olarak incelenerek Maâdin Nizamnameleriyle ve çalışmanın sonraki bölümleriyle aralarında kıyaslama yapılabilmesi, benzerlik ve farklılıkların daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi ve böylelikle daha sağlıklı ve doğru sonuçlara ulaşılabilmesi amaçlanmıştır. İkinci bölümde 19. yüzyıl nizamnameler dönemi, yaşanan gelişmeler ve nizamnamelerin hazırlık çalışmaları; üçüncü bölümde ise nizamnamelere göre maden hukuku esasları ele alınmaktadır. Araştırma sırasında kendisinden en fazla istifade edilen birincil kaynaklar, Osmanlı arşivleri, mevzuat ve bazı mecmualar olmuştur. Bunun yanında konu hakkındaki ikincil kaynaklardan da olabildiğince yararlanılmaya çalışılmış ve aralarından değerli, kapsamlı ve ilkleri oluşturan bazı eserlerin araştırmaya çok faydası dokunmuştur.
During the Classical Period of the Ottoman Empire, mining law was regulated through customary / common law, known as Kanunnames and Yasaknames, which were specific to regions, and based on Sharia law principles. As a result of the developments and changes about mining, and Tanzimat reforms that started in the nineteenth century, mining law began to be regulated for the first time with comprehensive and detailed general laws. The Maâdin Nizamname (Mining Regulation) was first created in 1861, modelled after 1810 French Mining Law, and revised in 1869, 1887, and 1906 to address inadequacies, incorporate experiences, and respond to complaints and foreign pressure. This thesis is divided into an introduction, conclusion, and three main chapters. The first chapter provides a general overview of mining law in Islam and the Classical Period, allowing for a comparison with the Maâdin Regulations in the subsequent chapters. The second and third chapters examine the developments about mining law during the Tanzimat Period and the preparatory work leading up to the Maâdin Nizamnames and the principles outlined in the regulation, respectively. To conduct this research, Ottoman archives, legislation, and historical magazines and journals were the primary sources used. Additionally, an effort was made to utilize secondary sources on the subject as much as possible, and several valuable, comprehensive, and ground-breaking works greatly contributed to the study.
During the Classical Period of the Ottoman Empire, mining law was regulated through customary / common law, known as Kanunnames and Yasaknames, which were specific to regions, and based on Sharia law principles. As a result of the developments and changes about mining, and Tanzimat reforms that started in the nineteenth century, mining law began to be regulated for the first time with comprehensive and detailed general laws. The Maâdin Nizamname (Mining Regulation) was first created in 1861, modelled after 1810 French Mining Law, and revised in 1869, 1887, and 1906 to address inadequacies, incorporate experiences, and respond to complaints and foreign pressure. This thesis is divided into an introduction, conclusion, and three main chapters. The first chapter provides a general overview of mining law in Islam and the Classical Period, allowing for a comparison with the Maâdin Regulations in the subsequent chapters. The second and third chapters examine the developments about mining law during the Tanzimat Period and the preparatory work leading up to the Maâdin Nizamnames and the principles outlined in the regulation, respectively. To conduct this research, Ottoman archives, legislation, and historical magazines and journals were the primary sources used. Additionally, an effort was made to utilize secondary sources on the subject as much as possible, and several valuable, comprehensive, and ground-breaking works greatly contributed to the study.