Publication: Avrupa'da Türkçe öğretimi üzerine genel bir değerlendirme
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Avrupa’da Türkçenin öğretimi ana dili olarak öğretimi ve yabancı dil
olarak öğretimi olmak üzere iki disiplin olarak yapılmaktadır. Ana dili olarak
öğretimi 60’lı yıllarda Türklerin kitlesel olarak Avrupa’ya göçleri sonrasında
başlamaktadır. İkili anlaşmalarla göçmenlere bir hak olarak tanınan ana dili
öğretimi, Avrupa ülkelerinin vaatlerini tam olarak yerine getirilmemeleri ve
bu konuda olumsuz tutum takınmaları, öğretmen, ders materyali, fiziksel
donanımların yetersizliği veya niteliksizliği gibi nedenlerle istenilen düzeye
ulaşamamıştır. Fakat bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek için çabalar devam
etmektedir. Özellikle akademik çalışmaların her geçen gün artması, konuya
daha bilimsel olarak yaklaşılması ve ayrıca Türkçe öğretim programı ile ders
kitaplarının iyileştirilmesine yönelik çalışmaların hayata geçirilmesi
Türkçenin Avrupa’da ana dili olarak öğretiminin uluslararası standartlara
ulaştırılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Üzerinde durulan bir diğer disiplin ise
Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretimidir. Son dönemlerde gelişen teknoloji
ve iletişim araçları ile birlikte, farklı coğrafyalarda yaşayan insanların
birbirleriyle iletişim kurmaları daha kolay hale gelmiştir. İnsanların farklı
toplumları ve kültürleri tanıma, anlama ve onları keşfetme arzuları farklı
dilleri öğrenme gereksinimini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Köklü bir geçmişe sahip
Türk kültürü ve medeniyeti ise en çok ilgi görenlerin başında gelmektedir.
Bunun sonucu olarak Türkçe öğrenmeye ilgi artmıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye’nin
turizm ve ticaret potansiyelinin artması, dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarında
olduğu gibi Avrupa’da da Türkçe öğrenmek isteyenlerin sayısını artırmıştır.
Türkçe, yabancı dil olarak Avrupa’da üniversitelerde bölüm olarak veya bazı
bölümlerde ders olarak, Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, Maarif Vakfı gibi
kuruluşların bünyesinde, Türkçe Öğretim Merkezlerinde, özel kurslarda, sivil
toplum örgütleri tarafından verilen kurslarda öğretilmektedir. Bu konuda da
hâlihazırda çeşitli sorunlar veya eksiklikler bulunmaktadır. Fakat bu
sorunların ve eksikliklerin üstesinden gelmek için gerek diplomatik gerek
bürokratik gerekse akademik iş birliği ve çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Bu
çalışmada Avrupa’da Türkçenin öğretimi hem ana dili olarak öğretimi hem
de yabancı dil olarak öğretimi ele alınmakta ve her iki alana yönelik
politikalar ve yaklaşımlar değerlendirilmekte, mevcut sorunlara çözümler aranmakta ve çeşitli öneriler sunmak amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle
Türkçe öğretiminin Avrupa’daki geçmişi ele alınmakta, daha sonra
Avrupa’daki dil öğretim politikaları incelenmektedir. Bir sonraki bölümde
Türkçenin Avrupa’da ana dili olarak öğretimi ele alınmakta ve mevcut
sorunlar ve eksiklikler ortaya konularak bunlara çözüm önerileri
sunulmaktadır. Son bölümde ise Türkçenin Avrupa’da yabancı dil olarak
öğretimi incelenmekte ve bir durum değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır.
Teaching Turkish in Europe is carried out as two disciplines: teaching as a mother tongue and teaching as a foreign language. Teaching as a mother tongue begins in the 60s, after the massive migration of Turks to Europe. Teaching as a mother tongue, which is recognized as a right to immigrants by bilateral agreements, could not reach the desired level due to the fact that European countries did not fully fulfil their promises and took a negative attitude in this regard, teachers, course materials, inadequacy or unqualified physical equipment. However, efforts continue to overcome these problems. In particular, the increase in academic studies and a more scientific approach to this issue, as well as the implementation of studies for the improvement of the Turkish curriculum and textbooks, will contribute to the international standards of teaching Turkish as a mother tongue in Europe. Another discipline focused on is teaching Turkish as a foreign language. With the development of technology and communication tools in recent years, it has become easier for people living in different geographies to communicate with each other. The feelings of people to know, understand and explore different societies and cultures have revealed the need to learn different languages. Turkish culture and civilization, which has a deep-rooted history, is one of the most interesting ones. As a result, interest in learning Turkish has increased. In addition, the increase in Turkey’s tourism and trade potential has increased the number of people who want to learn Turkish in Europe as well as in different geographies of the world. Turkish is taught as a foreign language in universities in Europe as a department or as a course in some departments, in institutions such as Yunus Emre Institute, Maarif Foundation, in Turkish Teaching Centres, in private courses, in courses given by nongovernmental organizations. There are already various problems or deficiencies in this regard. However, diplomatic, bureaucratic and academic cooperation and studies continue to overcome these problems and deficiencies. In this study, teaching Turkish in Europe is considered as both teaching as a mother tongue and teaching as a foreign language and policies and approaches for both fields are evaluated, solutions are sought for existing problems and various suggestions are aimed. In the study, firstly, the history of teaching Turkish in Europe is discussed, and then language teaching policies in Europe are examined. In the next section, teaching Turkish as a mother tongue in Europe is discussed and current problems and deficiencies are presented and solutions are offered. In the last part, teaching Turkish as a foreign language in Europe is examined and a situation assessment is made.
Teaching Turkish in Europe is carried out as two disciplines: teaching as a mother tongue and teaching as a foreign language. Teaching as a mother tongue begins in the 60s, after the massive migration of Turks to Europe. Teaching as a mother tongue, which is recognized as a right to immigrants by bilateral agreements, could not reach the desired level due to the fact that European countries did not fully fulfil their promises and took a negative attitude in this regard, teachers, course materials, inadequacy or unqualified physical equipment. However, efforts continue to overcome these problems. In particular, the increase in academic studies and a more scientific approach to this issue, as well as the implementation of studies for the improvement of the Turkish curriculum and textbooks, will contribute to the international standards of teaching Turkish as a mother tongue in Europe. Another discipline focused on is teaching Turkish as a foreign language. With the development of technology and communication tools in recent years, it has become easier for people living in different geographies to communicate with each other. The feelings of people to know, understand and explore different societies and cultures have revealed the need to learn different languages. Turkish culture and civilization, which has a deep-rooted history, is one of the most interesting ones. As a result, interest in learning Turkish has increased. In addition, the increase in Turkey’s tourism and trade potential has increased the number of people who want to learn Turkish in Europe as well as in different geographies of the world. Turkish is taught as a foreign language in universities in Europe as a department or as a course in some departments, in institutions such as Yunus Emre Institute, Maarif Foundation, in Turkish Teaching Centres, in private courses, in courses given by nongovernmental organizations. There are already various problems or deficiencies in this regard. However, diplomatic, bureaucratic and academic cooperation and studies continue to overcome these problems and deficiencies. In this study, teaching Turkish in Europe is considered as both teaching as a mother tongue and teaching as a foreign language and policies and approaches for both fields are evaluated, solutions are sought for existing problems and various suggestions are aimed. In the study, firstly, the history of teaching Turkish in Europe is discussed, and then language teaching policies in Europe are examined. In the next section, teaching Turkish as a mother tongue in Europe is discussed and current problems and deficiencies are presented and solutions are offered. In the last part, teaching Turkish as a foreign language in Europe is examined and a situation assessment is made.
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Citation
ASLAN E., "Avrupa'da Türkçe Öğretimi Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme", Kamu Yönetimi Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, cilt.2, sa.2, ss.69-86, 2022
