Publication: Atatürk döneminde ipek böcekçiliğinin geliştirilmesine yönelik atılan adımlar(1923-1938)
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Abstract
İpek böceği bakımı ve koza üretiminin oldukça eski tarihlere dayandığı Türkiye’de, üreticiler
elde ettikleri bu ürünleri uzun yıllar işlemeden Avrupa pazarlarına ihraç etti. İlkel yöntemlerin dışında
fabrikalarda kozaların işlenmesi ise ancak 19. yüzyılda mümkün oldu. Alınan vergilerin ve dolayısıyla
üretimin artırılmasına yönelik girişimlerde bulunan Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye İdaresi, ipek böceği bakımı, dut
ağaçlarının yetiştirilmesi ve koza üretimi üzerine eğitimler vermek için “Harir Darüttalimi” adı altında bir
müessese açtı. Bu sayede 20. yüzyılın hemen başında üretim 1888 yılındaki seviyesine kıyasla 4 kattan
fazla artış gösterdi. Ancak takip eden süreçte peş peşe yaşanan savaşlar, erkek nüfusun askere alınması,
dutlukların tahrip edilmesi ve göçler üretim seviyesinin yaklaşık 72 kat düşmesine neden oldu. Cumhuriyet
Dönemi’ne gelindiğinde ise ipek böcekçiliğinin ve ipek üretiminin yeniden ihya edilmesi üzerinde duruldu.
Bu bağlamda Bursa’da bir “Böcekçilik Enstitüsü”nün kurulmasına karar verildi ve ardından Cumhuriyet
öncesi koza üretiminin revaçta olduğu yerlerde ipek böcekçiliği mektepleri ve kursları açıldı. Yeni
dutlukların oluşturulması için halka dut fidanları dağıtıldı. Atılan tüm bu adımlar sayesinde koza üretiminde
yakalanan ivme, modern anlamda kurulan ilk ipek fabrikası olan “İpekiş” ile taçlandırılarak ülke içinde
üretilen kozanın yine ülke içinde işlenerek nihai ürün haline getirilmesi sağlandı. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de
1923-1938 yılları arasında ipek böcekçiliği ve koza üretimini artırmak için atılan adımlar ile bu girişimler
neticesinde alınan sonuçlar incelenmiştir.
In Turkey, the tradition of silkworm care and silk cocoon production dates back to ancient times. Historically, producers exported their silk products to European markets without any processing. It was only in the 19th century that the processing of silk cocoons in factories became possible. To promote tax revenues and production, the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, known as Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye, established an institution called “Harir Darüttalimi” (Institute of Sericicole). This institute aimed to provide training in silkworm care, mulberry tree cultivation and cocoon production. As a result of these efforts, by the early 20th century, silk production increased more than fourfold compared to the levels in 1888. However, subsequent wars, conscription of the male population, destruction of mulberry groves, and migration led to a significant decline in production, plummeting by approximately seventy-two times. During the Early Republican Period, there was a strong emphasis on reviving sericulture and silk production. To achieve this, the government decided to establish an “Institute of Sericulture” in Bursa. Additionally, sericulture schools and courses were opened in places where cocoon production had been prevalent before the republic was founded. Mulberry saplings were distributed to the public to encourage the growth of new mulberry fields. These initiatives led to significant progress in cocoon production, ultimately resulting in the establishment of “İpekiş”, the first modern silk factory in Turkey. İpekiş enabled the domestic processing of the country’s silk cocoons, transforming them into finished products. This study examines the measures implemented during the Early Republican Period to enhance sericulture and cocoon production in Turkey and explores the outcomes of these initiatives.
In Turkey, the tradition of silkworm care and silk cocoon production dates back to ancient times. Historically, producers exported their silk products to European markets without any processing. It was only in the 19th century that the processing of silk cocoons in factories became possible. To promote tax revenues and production, the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, known as Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye, established an institution called “Harir Darüttalimi” (Institute of Sericicole). This institute aimed to provide training in silkworm care, mulberry tree cultivation and cocoon production. As a result of these efforts, by the early 20th century, silk production increased more than fourfold compared to the levels in 1888. However, subsequent wars, conscription of the male population, destruction of mulberry groves, and migration led to a significant decline in production, plummeting by approximately seventy-two times. During the Early Republican Period, there was a strong emphasis on reviving sericulture and silk production. To achieve this, the government decided to establish an “Institute of Sericulture” in Bursa. Additionally, sericulture schools and courses were opened in places where cocoon production had been prevalent before the republic was founded. Mulberry saplings were distributed to the public to encourage the growth of new mulberry fields. These initiatives led to significant progress in cocoon production, ultimately resulting in the establishment of “İpekiş”, the first modern silk factory in Turkey. İpekiş enabled the domestic processing of the country’s silk cocoons, transforming them into finished products. This study examines the measures implemented during the Early Republican Period to enhance sericulture and cocoon production in Turkey and explores the outcomes of these initiatives.
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Citation
İNGİNAR KEMALOĞLU A., "ATATÜRK DÖNEMİNDE İPEK BÖCEKÇİLİĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİNE YÖNELİK ATILAN ADIMLAR (1923-1938)", Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, ss.84-108, 2023
