Publication: Fukahâ-i Seb'a ve İslam hukuk tarihindeki yeri
Abstract
Yedi fakih anlamına gelen “el-fukahâü’s-seb‘a” kavramı, Medineli yedi tâbiûnfakihini ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Henüz pek çok sahâbînin hayatta olduğu birdönemde, Medine gibi sahâbe nüfusu yoğun bir şehirde yaşayan bu âlimler, Medine’ninbu ayrıcalıklı konumu sayesinde birçok sahâbî ile görüşme fırsatı elde etmiş, özellikleZeyd b. Sâbit, İbn Ömer, Hz. Âişe, Ebû Hureyre, İbn Abbas gibi Medine ilimgeleneğinin oluşumunu etkileyen önemli sahâbîlerden ilim almıştır. Fukahâ-i Seb‘a,sahâbe hocalarından aldığı ilmî birikimin sonraki nesillere ulaştırılması, özelliklesünnetin, amelin, sahâbe icmâının, sahâbî kavlinin ve sahâbe ihtilafının tespiti veaktarımı noktasında önemli roller oynamıştır. Bununla birlikte, tevârüs ettikleri ilmîbirikimi kendi katkılarıyla da geliştirmişler, dönemlerindeki fıkhî faaliyetlerinyürütülmesine öncülük edip halkın fetva ihtiyacını karşılamışlardır. İçlerinden birçoğu,Ömer b. Abdülaziz’in Medine valiliği sırasında (87-93/ 706-712) kurduğu on kişidenmüteşekkil danışma meclisinde yer almıştır. Medine’deki ilmî birikimin aktarımı vegelişimi noktasında önemli bir halkayı teşkil eden Fukahâ-i Seb‘a’dan iki kuşak sonragelen İmam Mâlik ise, Medine ilim geleneğinin mezhep haline gelmesini sağlamıştır.Bu çalışmada Fukahâ-i Seb‘a’nın hayatı ve ilmî kişiliği ele alınmış, fıkhî görüşlerianaliz edilmiş ve İmam Mâlik üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.
The concept of “al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a” means seven distinguished scholars wholived in Madina in the era of Successors (Tabiun). At a time when many Companionswere still alive, these scholars, who live in Madina with a large population ofCompanions and thanks to this privileged position of this sacred city, they had theopportunity to meet with many of the Companions like Zayd ibn Thabit, Abdullah ibnUmar, Âisha bint Abî Bakr, Abu Hurairah, Abdullah ibn Abbas who influenced theformation of the tradition of Medinese School, had taken knowledge from theseimportant companions. Al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a played an essential role in reevaluating theexisting accumulated knowledge which they received from Companions, also inconveying the determination and transmission of Sunnah, Amal and the Companions’views either in form of consensus or “Ikhtilaf” to the following generations. However,they developed the accumulated knowledge, pioneered the teaching and learningactivities and provide the society’s need of fatwa. Many of them were member of theadvisory board consisting of ten scholars, of the governor of Madina, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (87-93/ 709-712). Imam Malik, who comes after two generations Al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a, who constitutes an important link in the transference and development ofaccumulated knowledge in Madina, this tradition has become a school of law. In thisstudy, the life and scholarship of al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a are discussed, their juristicopinions are analyzed and their effects on Imam Malik are examined.
The concept of “al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a” means seven distinguished scholars wholived in Madina in the era of Successors (Tabiun). At a time when many Companionswere still alive, these scholars, who live in Madina with a large population ofCompanions and thanks to this privileged position of this sacred city, they had theopportunity to meet with many of the Companions like Zayd ibn Thabit, Abdullah ibnUmar, Âisha bint Abî Bakr, Abu Hurairah, Abdullah ibn Abbas who influenced theformation of the tradition of Medinese School, had taken knowledge from theseimportant companions. Al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a played an essential role in reevaluating theexisting accumulated knowledge which they received from Companions, also inconveying the determination and transmission of Sunnah, Amal and the Companions’views either in form of consensus or “Ikhtilaf” to the following generations. However,they developed the accumulated knowledge, pioneered the teaching and learningactivities and provide the society’s need of fatwa. Many of them were member of theadvisory board consisting of ten scholars, of the governor of Madina, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (87-93/ 709-712). Imam Malik, who comes after two generations Al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a, who constitutes an important link in the transference and development ofaccumulated knowledge in Madina, this tradition has become a school of law. In thisstudy, the life and scholarship of al-Fuqaha al-Sab‘a are discussed, their juristicopinions are analyzed and their effects on Imam Malik are examined.