Publication: Carbon emission and energy costs-considered energy management for urban home and hospital microgrids
Abstract
Modern toplumlarda elektriğe duyulan ihtiyaç ve çevresel kaygılar giderek artmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları, dünya çapında artan kurulu kapasitelerine rağmen, geleneksel elektrik üretim yöntemleri kadar güvenilir değildir. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı'nın konuyla ilgili raporundan da anlaşılacağı üzere Türkiye için bu üretim yöntemi ağırlıklı olarak kömürdür. 2023 yılında Türkiye'nin elektrik üretiminin %36,2'si yalnızca kömürden karşılandı. Böyle bir ortamda, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının şebekeye dahil edilmesinin bir yolu olarak mikro şebekeler ve enerji toplulukları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Mikro şebeke, açıkça tanımlanmış elektrik yüklerinden, talebi karşılamak için elektrik üretiminden (çoğunlukla dağıtık ve yenilenebilir) ve yenilenebilir enerji üretiminin stokastik doğasını azaltmak için enerji depolama sistemlerinden oluşan bir alt sistemi temsil eder. Mikro şebekeler, ulaşılması zor kırsal alanlara enerji sağlamak için bir çözüm olarak başlasalar da bugün şebekeye bağlı kentsel mikro şebeke örnekleri duyulmamış değildir. Tezde öncelikle 375 konut yükü, 709 yatak kapasiteli 1 hastane, 303 konut ve 215 tipi ticari fotovoltaik panel, 107 elektrikli araç şarj istasyonu ve hastanede kurulu 591 kWh kapasiteli batarya grubundan oluşan bir mikro şebeke inşa edilmektedir. Daha sonar, saatlik olarak Enerji Piyasaları İşletme A.Ş.'den (EPİAŞ) fiyat ve Electricity Maps’den karbon yoğunluğu bir yıllık very olarak edinilmiş ve K-ortalama kümeleme kullanılarak kümelere ayrılmıştır. Benzer şekilde CREST profil üreteci ile oluşturulan 60 günlük dakikalık güneş ışınımı profilleri de kümelenmiştir. Oluşturulan kümeler kullanılarak altı farklı senaryo oluşturulmuştur. Her biri için temel senaryolarda, batarya grubu 22.00 – 06.00 saatleri arasında sürekli olarak şarj edilir ve geri kalan saatlerde sürekli olarak deşarj olur. Enerji yönetimi, batarya kullanım süresi ve oranı değiştirilerek ve elektrikli araç şarjlarını mümkün olduğunca zamanda kaydırarak gerçekleştirilir. Batarya kullanım ve kaydırma kararı, oldukça yeni, metasezgisel, sürü zekası optimize edicisi olan Grey Wolf Optimizer tarafından verilmektedir; amaç, hem enerji maliyetini hem de şebekeden enerji satın almanın neden olduğu göreceli karbon emisyonlarını en aza indirmektir.
The need for electricity in modern societies is ever growing as well as environmental concerns. Despite having growing installed capacity worldwide, renewable energy sources aren’t as reliable as conventional electricity producing methods. Mainly coal for Turkey as evident from Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources’ report on the topic. 36,2% of Turkey’s electricity production in 2023 was met by coal alone. In such an environment, microgrids and energy communities emerge as a way to introduce renewable energy sources into the grid. Microgrid stands for a sub-system of clearly defined electrical loads, electricity generation to meet the demand (often distributed and renewable in nature) and energy storage systems to mitigate the stochastic nature of renewable energy generation. Microgrids have started as solutions to energize difficult to reach, rural areas but today cases of grid-connected urban microgrids are not unheard of. The thesis first constructs a microgrid consisting of 375 residential loads, 1 hospital with 709 beds capacity, 303 residential and 215 type commercial photovoltaic panels, 107 electric vehicle charging stations and a battery module of 591 kWh capacity installed at the hospital. Afterwards, hourly prices from Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) and carbon intensity from Electricity Maps both for a year were separated into clusters using K-means clustering. Similarly, 60 days of minutely solar irradiance profiles created with CREST profile generator were clustered as well. Using the clusters, six different scenarios were created. In the base scenarios for each, the battery module is steadily charged between 22.00 – 06.00 and steadily discharge during the remaining hours. The energy management is done by varying the time and amount of battery dispatch and by shifting the electric vehicle charges in time when possible. The decision to dispatch and shift is given by a rather novel, metaheuristic, swarm intelligence optimizer namely Gray Wolf Optimizer where the objective is to minimize both the cost of energy and the relative carbon emissions caused by purchasing energy from the grid.
The need for electricity in modern societies is ever growing as well as environmental concerns. Despite having growing installed capacity worldwide, renewable energy sources aren’t as reliable as conventional electricity producing methods. Mainly coal for Turkey as evident from Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources’ report on the topic. 36,2% of Turkey’s electricity production in 2023 was met by coal alone. In such an environment, microgrids and energy communities emerge as a way to introduce renewable energy sources into the grid. Microgrid stands for a sub-system of clearly defined electrical loads, electricity generation to meet the demand (often distributed and renewable in nature) and energy storage systems to mitigate the stochastic nature of renewable energy generation. Microgrids have started as solutions to energize difficult to reach, rural areas but today cases of grid-connected urban microgrids are not unheard of. The thesis first constructs a microgrid consisting of 375 residential loads, 1 hospital with 709 beds capacity, 303 residential and 215 type commercial photovoltaic panels, 107 electric vehicle charging stations and a battery module of 591 kWh capacity installed at the hospital. Afterwards, hourly prices from Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) and carbon intensity from Electricity Maps both for a year were separated into clusters using K-means clustering. Similarly, 60 days of minutely solar irradiance profiles created with CREST profile generator were clustered as well. Using the clusters, six different scenarios were created. In the base scenarios for each, the battery module is steadily charged between 22.00 – 06.00 and steadily discharge during the remaining hours. The energy management is done by varying the time and amount of battery dispatch and by shifting the electric vehicle charges in time when possible. The decision to dispatch and shift is given by a rather novel, metaheuristic, swarm intelligence optimizer namely Gray Wolf Optimizer where the objective is to minimize both the cost of energy and the relative carbon emissions caused by purchasing energy from the grid.
Description
Keywords
critical infrastructure, Energy industry, Enerji endüstrisi, Enerji yönetimi, Güç kaynakları, kritik altyapı, microgrid, mikroşebeke, optimizasyon, optimization, Power resources, renewable energy, Renewable energy sources, Turkey, Türkiye, yenilenebilir enerji Energy management, Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları