Publication: Plastik poşet ücretinin tüketici davranışlarına etkisinin davranışsal iktisat bağlamında değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada; sürdürülebilirlik, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve yeşil büyüme kavramları ele alınarak, sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri çerçevesinde tartışılan endişelere yer verilmiştir. Sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerinin temel odak noktasında, yenilenemeyen doğal kaynakların tükenme endişesi ve buna bağlı olarak, tek kullanımlık plastik tüketim sorunları vardır. Davranışsal iktisadın temel bulguları olan; kayıptan kaçınma, şimdinin gücü, çerçeveleme etkisi, referans alma, varsayılan seçimler, görünürlük ve iyimserlik yanılgısı bağlamında bu sorunlar incelenmiştir. Sınırlı rasyonel bireylerin, faydalarını arttırmaya yönelik uygulanabilecek, paternalizm ve özgürlükçü paternalizm politikaları açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra, tek kullanımlık plastik torbaların aşırı tüketimini önlemek için birçok ülkede kullanılan çeşitli müdahale yöntemleri ve örneklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Dürtme kavramından yola çıkılarak, bireylerin kalıplaşmış tüketim anlayışlarında, psikolojik ve ekonomik teşvikler aracılığıyla, değişiklikler yapılabileceği öne sürülmüştür. Plastik poşetlere yönelik müdahaleler olan; vergi ve yasaklarla ilgili literatür, ayrıntılı şekilde sunulmuştur. Türkiye’de, 1 Ocak 2019 itibariyle yürürlüğe giren Çevre Kanunu düzenlemeleri bağlamında, plastik poşet ücreti uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye’de uygulanmakta olan plastik poşet ücretinin, tüketici davranışlarına etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, İstanbul’da yüz yüze bir tüketici anketi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Plastik poşet talebinde ortaya çıkan değişimin incelenmesi amacıyla, temel bileşenler analizi, eşleştirilmiş örneklem t-testi ve çoklu regresyon analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; plastik poşetlerin ücretlendirilmesi biçiminde uygulanan müdahalenin başarılı olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Uygulanan müdahalenin, davranışsal iktisat politikaları bağlamında nasıl desteklenebileceği tartışılarak, öneriler sunulmuştur.
In this study; concerns addressed within the framework of sustainable development goals are discussed in the context of concepts such as sustainability, sustainable development and green growth. The main focus of sustainability goals is the concerns about the depletion of non-renewable natural resources and consequently disposable plastic consumption problems. These problems have been examined in the context of the avoidance of loss, the strength of the present, the framing effect, the referencing, the default choices, the visibility and the optimism error, which are the main findings of behavioral economics. Paternalism and libertarian paternalism policies that can be applied to increase the benefits of limited rational individuals have been explained. Then, various intervention methods and examples used in many countries are mentioned to prevent excessive consumption of disposable plastic bags. Based on the concept of nudge, it has been argued that changes can be made in individuals' stereotypical conception of consumption through psychological and economic incentives. The literature on taxes and prohibitions, which are interventions for plastic bags, is presented in detail. In Turkey, which entered into force as of January 1, 2019 in the context of the Environmental Law regulations plastic bag fee was introduced. The plastic bag fee being implemented in Turkey, in order to determine the effect on consumer behavior, face to face a consumer survey was conducted in Istanbul. In order to examine the change in plastic bag demand, principal components analysis, paired sample t-test and multiple regression analysis methods were used. As a result, the intervention applied in the form of plastic bag fee has been observed to be successful. Suggestions were presented by discussing how the intervention applied could be supported in the context of behavioral economic policies.
In this study; concerns addressed within the framework of sustainable development goals are discussed in the context of concepts such as sustainability, sustainable development and green growth. The main focus of sustainability goals is the concerns about the depletion of non-renewable natural resources and consequently disposable plastic consumption problems. These problems have been examined in the context of the avoidance of loss, the strength of the present, the framing effect, the referencing, the default choices, the visibility and the optimism error, which are the main findings of behavioral economics. Paternalism and libertarian paternalism policies that can be applied to increase the benefits of limited rational individuals have been explained. Then, various intervention methods and examples used in many countries are mentioned to prevent excessive consumption of disposable plastic bags. Based on the concept of nudge, it has been argued that changes can be made in individuals' stereotypical conception of consumption through psychological and economic incentives. The literature on taxes and prohibitions, which are interventions for plastic bags, is presented in detail. In Turkey, which entered into force as of January 1, 2019 in the context of the Environmental Law regulations plastic bag fee was introduced. The plastic bag fee being implemented in Turkey, in order to determine the effect on consumer behavior, face to face a consumer survey was conducted in Istanbul. In order to examine the change in plastic bag demand, principal components analysis, paired sample t-test and multiple regression analysis methods were used. As a result, the intervention applied in the form of plastic bag fee has been observed to be successful. Suggestions were presented by discussing how the intervention applied could be supported in the context of behavioral economic policies.