Publication: Silivrikapı Hadım İbrahim Paşa Külliyesi
Abstract
Hadım İbrahim Paşa Külliyesi XVI. yüzyılda Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın kubbe altı vezirlerinden İbrahim Paşa tarafından Mimar Sinan'a inşa ettirilmiştir. Külliye cami, mektep, medrese ve hamam olarak yapılmış olup, dönemin küçük fakat bir çok alanda halka hizmet vermiş külliyelerindendir. Hadım İbrahim Paşa inşa ettirmiş olduğu külliyenin nasıl ve ne şekilde yönetileceğini, gelir ve giderlerinin kim tarafından hangi şartlarda tutulacağını, giderlerinin karşılanması için ne gibi gelir kaynaklarının bırakıldığını vakfiyesinde belirtmiştir. Ayrıca vakfiye de mektep ve medrese hocalarında ve talebelerinde aranan şartları ve uyuması gereken kuralları da ifade etmiştir. Günümüzde külliye yapıları içinde var olduğunu öğrendiğimiz mektep ve medrese tamamen yok olmuş, hamamın da sadece bir duvarı kalmıştır. Cami halen mevcuttur. Cami üzerinde yaptığımız incelemede şu hususiyetler tespit edilmiştir. Cami kare planlı, tek kubbeli olup, kubik bir görüntüsü vardır. Yuvarlak kasnaklı kubbe dışardan destek kemeri ile çevrelenmiş, alttan mukarnaslı istiridye kabuğu şeklindeki tromplara oturtulmuştur. Bunlar camiyi üç yönden saran payanda duvarları üzerine yapılmıştır. Caminin üç tarafı kesme taş ve tuğla örgülü olup, kuzey-barı köşesine minarenin kaidesi yerleştirilmiştir. Camiye mukarnaslı, mermer söveli kapıdan girilir. Kapıda ortada yıldız motifinin yer aldığı ve yanlara doğru açılarak geometrik ve nebatî motiflerin birlikte kullanıldığı kündekârî tekniği ile yapılan çok güzel ağaç işçiliği görülür. Mihrap üstündeki çini pano, alttaki pencere alınlıklarındaki alçı işçiliği, minberdeki mermer işçiliği dönemin özelliklerini yansıtır. Son cemaat yerinin beş kubbe ile örtülmüş olup, ortadaki kubbe diğerlerinden daha büyük ve yüksektir. Son cemaat yerindeki pencere alınlıklarında yer alan çiniler de yine dönemin müstesna örneklerindendir. Bu bölüm günümüzde camekan yapılarak kapatılmıştır. Bu durum caminin estetik görüntüsünü bozmuştur. Külliyenin yakın çevresinde Bizans'tan ve Osmanlılardan kalma tarihi eserlere rastlamak mümkündür. Silivrikapı, Belgradkapı, Mevlanakapı, Yedikule, Balıklı Ayazması, Ermeni Mezarlığı, Sünbülî Dergâhı, Pazar Tekkesi bazılarıdır. Cami bahçesinde XVIII. yüzyılda defnedilen zevatâ ait mezarlar vardır. Bu mezarlardaki taşlar bu yüzyılın en taş güzel işçiliğini yansıtmaktadır. Bahçenin kuzey-batı köşesinde Hadım İbrahim Paşa'nın üstü açık mermer sandukalı türbesi bulunur. Bahçenin ortasında şadırvan yer alır. Bahçe duvarları kesme taşla örülü olup, belirli aralıklarla yerleştirilmiş demir parmaklıklı pencerelerden oluşur. Bahçeye üç kapıdan girilir. Bunlardan iki tanesinde kitâbe mevcuttur. Silivrikapı caddesi üzerindeki duvarın sonuna çeşme inşa edilmiştir.
OF THE THESIS Hadım İbrahim Pasha Compound was built by Sinan the Architect in the XVIth century with the order of İbrahim Pasha, one of the viziers' of Kanuni Sultan Suleiman. The compound consisted of mosque, school, madrasa and bath. Even though it was a small one in its period of time, it served in many useful ways for society. How the compound will be managed, who will be responsible for financial issues and how the financial issues will be addressed, what kind of financial resources are left to cover expenses were all stated in Hadım İbrahim Pasha's deed. He also stated in his deed that the necessary qualifications and rules both for teachers and students of the school and the madrasa. The school and the madrasa, two of which we later learnt that were parts of the compound, were completely ruined and only just one part of the bath wall was left. The mosque still exists. The examinations which we did in the mosque concluded as: it was designed in the shape of square, has got one dome and has got a sight of cube. Round shaped hoop dome is surrounded by support arches from outside and they are built on prop walls which surrounds the mosque in three different sides. The three sides of the mosque are built by the stones and the bricks and the minaret is placed on the north-west corner. The entrance is from the marble framed door. A wonderful woodwork, a star motif between the geometric and the plant figures, can be seen on the door made with kundekari technique. The encaustic tiled panel on the nitche, plaster work of windowsills, marbel work on the pulpit are characteristics of that period of time. The last line of pray is covered by five cupolas and the cupola in the middle is higher and larger than others. The encaustic tiled windowsills on the last line of pray are also exceptional samples of the period of time. Today, this part is covered with glass panes which causes an unpleasent wiev of the mosque. It is possible to see some other historical monuments from the Byzantines' or the Ottomans' around the compound. Silivrikapı, Belgradkapı, Mevlanakapı, Yedikule, Balıklı Fountain, Armenian Graveyard, Sünbüli Convent, Pazar Takka are some of them. In the mosque yard, there's a graveyard of people buried in the XVIIIth century. The grave stones in the graveyard are the best samples of stonemasonry in that century. Hadım İbrahim Pasha's marble sarcophagus tomb is in the north- west corner of the yard and there is a fountain in the middle. The yard walls are built with stones and have windows which are placed in a row and grilles on them. The yard has three different gates, two of which have inscriptions. A fountain was built at the end of the wall on the Silivrikapı Street.
OF THE THESIS Hadım İbrahim Pasha Compound was built by Sinan the Architect in the XVIth century with the order of İbrahim Pasha, one of the viziers' of Kanuni Sultan Suleiman. The compound consisted of mosque, school, madrasa and bath. Even though it was a small one in its period of time, it served in many useful ways for society. How the compound will be managed, who will be responsible for financial issues and how the financial issues will be addressed, what kind of financial resources are left to cover expenses were all stated in Hadım İbrahim Pasha's deed. He also stated in his deed that the necessary qualifications and rules both for teachers and students of the school and the madrasa. The school and the madrasa, two of which we later learnt that were parts of the compound, were completely ruined and only just one part of the bath wall was left. The mosque still exists. The examinations which we did in the mosque concluded as: it was designed in the shape of square, has got one dome and has got a sight of cube. Round shaped hoop dome is surrounded by support arches from outside and they are built on prop walls which surrounds the mosque in three different sides. The three sides of the mosque are built by the stones and the bricks and the minaret is placed on the north-west corner. The entrance is from the marble framed door. A wonderful woodwork, a star motif between the geometric and the plant figures, can be seen on the door made with kundekari technique. The encaustic tiled panel on the nitche, plaster work of windowsills, marbel work on the pulpit are characteristics of that period of time. The last line of pray is covered by five cupolas and the cupola in the middle is higher and larger than others. The encaustic tiled windowsills on the last line of pray are also exceptional samples of the period of time. Today, this part is covered with glass panes which causes an unpleasent wiev of the mosque. It is possible to see some other historical monuments from the Byzantines' or the Ottomans' around the compound. Silivrikapı, Belgradkapı, Mevlanakapı, Yedikule, Balıklı Fountain, Armenian Graveyard, Sünbüli Convent, Pazar Takka are some of them. In the mosque yard, there's a graveyard of people buried in the XVIIIth century. The grave stones in the graveyard are the best samples of stonemasonry in that century. Hadım İbrahim Pasha's marble sarcophagus tomb is in the north- west corner of the yard and there is a fountain in the middle. The yard walls are built with stones and have windows which are placed in a row and grilles on them. The yard has three different gates, two of which have inscriptions. A fountain was built at the end of the wall on the Silivrikapı Street.