Publication: İslam iktisadında anonim şirket
Abstract
İnsanlar ilk çağlardan itibaren gereksinimlerinin bir kısmını daha kolay sağlayabildikleri için bir araya gelip ortak hareket ederek daha büyük hayvanları avlayabilmişler ve dış tehditlere daha kolay karşı koyabilmişlerdir. Batıdaki sanayi devrimi ile büyük sermayeye gereksinim artmış ve çok ortaklı şirketlere daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. 21. yüzyılda dünya ticaretinin büyük kısmı çok ortaklı sermaye şirketleri tarafından yapılmakta ve önemli bir kısmı da anonim şirketlerce gerçekleştirilmektedir. Geçmişte İslam hukukunun uygulandığı topluluklarda 2-3 kişilik şahıs ortaklıkları ile ticaret yapılarak ihtiyaçlar gideriliyordu. Bu yüzden fıkıh âlimleri ortaklıklar konusunda çok fazla şirket çeşidi üzerinde durmamıştır. Ortaklıklar konusunda insanları detaylı şekilde aydınlatacak ve yol gösterecek fazla ayet ve hadisi şerif de bulunmamaktadır. Yasal mevzuatta anonim şirket ortaklarının sorumluluğu taahhüt ettikleri sermaye payları ile sınırlıdır. Anonim ortaklıklar küçük paylardan dolayı sermayelerini halka arz ederek büyük sermayelere ulaşabilir ve küçük yatırımcılarda büyük ve kârlı şirketlere ortak olarak âtıl birikimlerini değerlendirebilirler. Çalışmanın ana metni bir Giriş, Sonuç ve üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Girişte tezin amacı, hedefleri, konusu, kapsamı, literatür değerlendirmesi, özgün değeri, yöntemi ve muhtemel etkileri ifade edilmektedir. Birinci bölümde TTK’ya göre kurulan ve faaliyet gösteren çağdaş ortaklıklar hakkında bilgi verilerek anonim şirketler detaylı olarak incelenmektedir. İkincisinde İslam iktisadında (ticari kural ve ilkelerinde) ortaklık tipleri tanıtılarak inan şirketi incelenmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise Türkiye’deki güncel kanunlara göre anonim şirket uygulaması değerlendirilerek tezin savı uyarınca kurulup işletilecek anonim şirket tipinin caizliği doğrulanmaya çalışılmaktadır. İslam’ın genel prensipleri ışığında anonim şirket tipinde ortaklık yapıldığında hangi hususlara dikkat edilmelidir sorusuna cevap aranacaktır. Ülkedeki yasal mevzuatın daha sağlıklı işler hale getirilmesi, küçük yatırımcının korunması ve gönül rahatlığı ile yatırım yapılarak işlem hacminin artırılması sonucu daha fazla istihdam sağlanıp ülke ekonomisinin gelişmesine yardımcı olunmaya çalışılacaktır.
Since the early ages, people have been able to meet some of their needs more easily by gathering and acting together. So they were able to hunt larger animals and resist external threats. With the industrial revolution in the West, the need for large capital has increased and there has been a greater need for multi-partner companies. In the 21st century, most of the world trade is carried out by multi-partner capital companies and a significant part of this trade is carried out by joint-stock companies. In the past, wherein Islamic law was practiced, the needs were met by trading with partnerships of 2-3 persons. For this reason, the fuqahâ focused only on limited types of companies regarding partnerships. There are not many verses and hadiths that enlighten and guide people in detail about partnerships. The liability of joint-stock company partners is limited to the shares they undertake. Joint stock companies can accumulate large capitals by offering their capital to the public with small shares. Due to tiny shares, small investors can utilize their idle savings as partners with large and profitable companies. In the first part of this thesis, an introduction to the subject will be made. In the second, joint-stock companies will be examined in detail by giving information about modern partnerships established and operating according to the Turkish Commercial Code. In the third, information about the partnership types in Islamic economics will be given and the type of ‘inan company will be examined. In the third part, it will be verified that the joint-stock company type, established and operated according to the current laws is permissible, which is the thesis in the last analysis. In the light of the general principles of Islam, an answer will be sought to the question of which issues should be considered when a joint-stock company is founded. It will help to develop the country's economy by providing more investment and employment as a result of making the legal legislation healthier, protecting the small investor and increasing the transaction volume by investing with peace of mind.
Since the early ages, people have been able to meet some of their needs more easily by gathering and acting together. So they were able to hunt larger animals and resist external threats. With the industrial revolution in the West, the need for large capital has increased and there has been a greater need for multi-partner companies. In the 21st century, most of the world trade is carried out by multi-partner capital companies and a significant part of this trade is carried out by joint-stock companies. In the past, wherein Islamic law was practiced, the needs were met by trading with partnerships of 2-3 persons. For this reason, the fuqahâ focused only on limited types of companies regarding partnerships. There are not many verses and hadiths that enlighten and guide people in detail about partnerships. The liability of joint-stock company partners is limited to the shares they undertake. Joint stock companies can accumulate large capitals by offering their capital to the public with small shares. Due to tiny shares, small investors can utilize their idle savings as partners with large and profitable companies. In the first part of this thesis, an introduction to the subject will be made. In the second, joint-stock companies will be examined in detail by giving information about modern partnerships established and operating according to the Turkish Commercial Code. In the third, information about the partnership types in Islamic economics will be given and the type of ‘inan company will be examined. In the third part, it will be verified that the joint-stock company type, established and operated according to the current laws is permissible, which is the thesis in the last analysis. In the light of the general principles of Islam, an answer will be sought to the question of which issues should be considered when a joint-stock company is founded. It will help to develop the country's economy by providing more investment and employment as a result of making the legal legislation healthier, protecting the small investor and increasing the transaction volume by investing with peace of mind.