Publication: Güvencesiz işçilerin alternatif örgütlenmeleri : hizmet sektöründe sınıfsal örgütlenme pratikleri
Abstract
GÜVENCESİZ İŞÇİLERİN ALTERNATİF ÖRGÜTLENMELERİ: HİZMET SEKTÖRÜNDE SINIFSAL ÖRGÜTLENME PRATİKLERİ ÖZET Tarihsel süreçte emeğin haklarının kapitalizmin krizden çıkışı için yeniden esnetilmesi, emeğin yeniden güvencesizleşmesine neden olmuştur. Bu sebeple güvencesizleşme kavramı gündeme gelmiş ve tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Emeğin istihdam edilme biçimi, üretim alanı, çalışma saatleri esnetilmiş; yasal ve sendikal hakları da azalan bir seyirde değişime maruz kalmış, sendikalar gitgide gücünü yitirmiştir. Bu süreçte sendikalar tarafından örgütlenmeyen/ örgütlenemeyen işçiler alternatif arayışlarına girmişler ve bir araya gelerek, dernek, forum, kolektif, inisiyatif gibi emek örgütleri altında örgütlenmeye başlamıştır. Bu emek örgütlerinin özellikle sendika karşıtı olmayan ve sınıfsal bir örgütlenme yürütme gayeleri, bu çalışmanın temel sorunsallarından biridir. Bu nedenle çalışmanın ilk bölümünde öncelikle emeğin üretim sürecindeki dönüşümüne paralel olarak değişen örgütlülük sürecine değinilmiştir. Ardından neo-liberal politikaların bir uzantısı olarak esnek istihdam biçimlerine ve güvencesiz istihdam ile ilgili kavramsal tartışmalara yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde prekarya kavramı ve proletarya kavramına dair kısa bir tartışmaya yer verilmiştir. Bu çerçevede, neo-liberal düzende sendikal örgütlenmenin zorluğu, atipik istihdam biçimlerinin örgütlenmeye etkileri, sendikaların örgütlenmede yaşadıkları zorluklar, dünyadaki toplumsal örgütlenmeler, sendikal ve alternatif emek örgütlenmeleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde Türkiye’de sermaye birikim sürecinde istihdamdaki ve örgütlenmedeki değişim incelenip, bu konuda değişen yasal düzenlemeler ve uygulamadaki aksaklıklar ele alınarak emek piyasası verileri ışığında istihdamın güvencesizleştirilmesine değinilmiştir. Alan araştırması bölümünde ise sınıf bilincine bir ölçüde sahip, sendika karşıtı özellikler taşımayan emek örgütleri dikkate alındığı için alternatif emek örgütlenmelerinin sınıfsal bilinç bağlamında değerlendirilmesi yapılıp, bu örgütlenmelerin yetkilileri ve örgütlü işçilerle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelerle işçileri alternatif örgütlenmeye iten sebepler, alternatif örgütlenmelerin sınıfsal konumları, sınıf içi dayanışma pratikleri üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Bir dönem sendika altı oluşumlar olarak değerlendirilebilecek bu örgütlenmelerin artık sendikalardan bağımsız, kendine has bir örgütlenme anlayışı olan ve işçi sınıfı örgütlenmesinde önemli birer araç olarak değerlendirilebilecek örgütler haline geldikleri tespit edilmiştir. Prekarya, esneklik, güvencesiz istihdam, sendika, örgütlenme, sınıf bilinci ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONS OF PRECARIOUS WORKERS: WORKING CLASS ORGANIZATION PRACTICES IN SERVICE SECTOR
In the historical process, the fact that rebending the rights, which were acquired during the processes of organization, for capitalism to overcome the crisis, recreated precarious work. Thus the term “precarization” became a current issue and it started to be discussed. At this process, the form of labor employment, production area, working hours were bent; legal and union rights of labour were decreasingly exposed to change and unions gradually fell into a decline. Then, those who wouldn’t organize/ couldn’t be organized by unions were in quest of alternatives and coming together, they started to get organized under the roof of labour organizations such as associations, forums, collectives and initiatives. Especially, their intend to execute a pro-union and denominational union are one of the main problematiques of this thesis. Therefore, the thesis in the first chapter touches briefly upon capitalist production and organisational process that changed in paralel with transformation of labour during the production process. Then, flexible employment forms as an extension of neo-liberal policies and conceptual discussion are included. In the second chapter, the terms precariat and proletariat are shortly discussed on. Within this framework, the difficulty of unionization in a neo-liberal order, the effect of a-typical employment forms on organization, the problems encountered during unionization, social organizations in the world, union and alternative labour organisation are broadly discussed. In the third chapter, after analysing the change of employment and organisation in the process of accumulation in Turkey, changing legal regulations on the subject together with the flaws in practice are examined and the precarization of employment is emphasized in the light of labor market data.Finally for the field search, owing to the fact that the labour organisations that have class consciousness with no anti-union characteristics are taken into consideration, alternative labour organizations are evaluated in the context of class consciousness and via in-depth interviews that are conducted with organized workers and the authorities of those organizations; the reasons that turn worker’s steps to alternative organisations, the class status of alternative organisations, and its effect on intraclass solidarity practises are examined. As a result it is identified that those organisations that once could be accepted as under union are now independent of the unions, have their distinctive organising manners and grow into such structures that can be evaluated as important tools for working class organisations. Key Words: Precariat, flexibility, precarious employment, trade unions, organizing, class consciousness
In the historical process, the fact that rebending the rights, which were acquired during the processes of organization, for capitalism to overcome the crisis, recreated precarious work. Thus the term “precarization” became a current issue and it started to be discussed. At this process, the form of labor employment, production area, working hours were bent; legal and union rights of labour were decreasingly exposed to change and unions gradually fell into a decline. Then, those who wouldn’t organize/ couldn’t be organized by unions were in quest of alternatives and coming together, they started to get organized under the roof of labour organizations such as associations, forums, collectives and initiatives. Especially, their intend to execute a pro-union and denominational union are one of the main problematiques of this thesis. Therefore, the thesis in the first chapter touches briefly upon capitalist production and organisational process that changed in paralel with transformation of labour during the production process. Then, flexible employment forms as an extension of neo-liberal policies and conceptual discussion are included. In the second chapter, the terms precariat and proletariat are shortly discussed on. Within this framework, the difficulty of unionization in a neo-liberal order, the effect of a-typical employment forms on organization, the problems encountered during unionization, social organizations in the world, union and alternative labour organisation are broadly discussed. In the third chapter, after analysing the change of employment and organisation in the process of accumulation in Turkey, changing legal regulations on the subject together with the flaws in practice are examined and the precarization of employment is emphasized in the light of labor market data.Finally for the field search, owing to the fact that the labour organisations that have class consciousness with no anti-union characteristics are taken into consideration, alternative labour organizations are evaluated in the context of class consciousness and via in-depth interviews that are conducted with organized workers and the authorities of those organizations; the reasons that turn worker’s steps to alternative organisations, the class status of alternative organisations, and its effect on intraclass solidarity practises are examined. As a result it is identified that those organisations that once could be accepted as under union are now independent of the unions, have their distinctive organising manners and grow into such structures that can be evaluated as important tools for working class organisations. Key Words: Precariat, flexibility, precarious employment, trade unions, organizing, class consciousness