Publication: Türk Ceza Kanunu'nda göçmen kaçakçılığı
Abstract
Göç kavramı; insanların ihtiyaç duyduğu çeşitli sebepler nedeni ile (ekonomik, sosyal,siyasi, güvenlik) bulundukları yeri değiştirerek başka yere gitmeleri olarak tanımlanmış olup; yerdeğiştirme hususunu diğer seyahatlerden ayıran temel nokta gidilecek yerde yaşamı sürdürmeolgusudur. Tez konumuz açısından ise yasadışı göç kavramı üzerinde durulmuş olup; yasadışıgöç; birey veya toplulukların yaşadıkları yeri terk ederek illegal yollardan bir başka ülkeninsiyasi sınırları içerisine girmeleri, o sınırlar içerisinde yine bulundukları ülkenin hukukmevzuatına aykırı olarak bulunmaları durumudur.Türk Ceza Kanunu'nda Göçmen Kaçakçılığı suçunun araştırma yapıldığı işbu tezde;göç, göçmen suçu ayrıntılı incelenerek ve sınıflandırma ve türleri üzerinde durulmuş olup;göçmen kaçakçılığı suçu gerek uluslararası sözleşmeler gerek ise Türk Ceza Hukuku mevzuatıçerçevesinde (765 Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu ve 5237 Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu hükümlerimukayese edilerek) Yargıtay kararları ve mahkeme uygulamaları da dikkate alınaraksomutlaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır.Göçmen kaçakçılığı suçunun 5237 Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunumuzun 79. maddesindeseçimlik hareketli suç olarak düzenlendiği dikkate alınarak her bir seçimlik hareket bakımındandeğerlendirme yapılmıştır. Göçmen Kaçakçılığı suçunun maddi unsurları, faili, mağduru, konusu,hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinin uygulama alanı bulup bulamayacağı hususu, suçun taraflarıayrıntılı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Göçmen kaçakçılığı suçunun manevi unsuru olan doğrudan ya da dolaylı şekildemaddi çıkar temin etmesi üzerinde durulmuş olup; maddi çıkardan ne anlaşılması gerektiği,maddi çıkarı sağlayan kişinin üçüncü kişi veya mağdur olup olmadığının önemi, maddi çıkarınelde edilip edilmemesinin suçun vuku bulup bulmayacağı bakımından değerlendirilmesi Yargıtaykararları ışığında ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir.Göçmen kaçakçılığı suçu bakımından uygulamada önem arz eden suçun özel görünüşbiçimleri olan teşebbüs kurumu değerlendirilmekle; yabancı kimseyi ülkeye sokma bakımındanteşebbüs, yabancının yasal olmayan yollardan ülkede kalmasına imkan sağlama bakımındanteşebbüs, Türk vatandaşı veya yabancının yurt dışına çıkarılmasına imkan sağlama fiilleribakımından teşebbüs hükümleri ayrı ayrı ayrı ele alınmıştır.ii5237 Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 79. maddesi birinci fıkrasına 22.07.2010 tarih ve6008 sayılı kanunla eklenen hüküm ile uygulamada ortaya çıkan durumlar değerlendirilerek; 765Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu ile mukayesesi yapılmıştır. Yine suçta iştirak ve içtima kavramlarıüzerinde durularak ayrıntılı olarak inceleme konusu yapılarak; söz konusu kurumların göçmenkaçakçılığı suçu bakımından önem ve farklılık arz eden durumları üzerinde Yargıtay ve mahkemeuygulamaları da değerlendirilerek inceleme yapılmıştır. Göçmen kaçakçılığı suçunun niteliklihalleri ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirilmiş olup; 765 Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu ve 5237 Sayılı TürkCeza Kanunu bakımından değerlendirmesi yapılarak suçun nitelikli hallerinin uygulamasıbakımından kanaatimiz de eklenmiştir.Tezin son bölümünde ise; göçmen kaçakçılığı suçu açısından yetkili mercilercesoruşturma ve kovuşturma aşamasında uygulanacak usul ve hükümler irdelenmiş olup;soruşturma ve kovuşturma aşamasında uygulanabilecek koruma ve güvenlik tedbirleri şartları,uygulanma şekilleri irdelenmiştir. Suçun Türk Ceza Kanunu'nda düzenlenen yaptırımlarıbakımından suçun temel hali ve nitelikli hali bakımından ayrı ayrı değerlendirme yapılmıştır.Tüzel kişiler açısından suçta faillik hususu tartışılmış olup; göçmen kaçakçılığı suçu bakımındantüzel kişilerin sorumluluğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda tüzel kişiler hakkında yetkili mercikararı ile uygulanabilecek güvenlik tedbirleri, şartları ve uygulanma biçimleri örneklerleaçıklanmıştır.
The term immigration has been defined as changing the residence of people in order tomeet their needs (economic, social, political and security reasons), the main point that divides itfrom ordinary moving is that the intention of people usually is to maintain their lives in whichthey move. Within the perspective of our thesis’ subject, we generally discourse the issue ofillegal immigration. Illegal immigration is a process that individuals or communities leave theplace in which they used to live and enter into another countries’ frontier illegally. Within thatprocess, they also present in that country contrary to its law. Within the scope of this thesis,whose main subject is “Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to a country” offense in TurkishCriminal Code, not only crimes related to immigration and immigrant but also the classificationand types of illegal immigration were examined profoundly. I also try to embody the offensenamely “Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to a country” within the framework of bothinternational agreements and Turkish Criminal legislation (both Turkish Criminal Codes Number765 and 5237). In addition to that, the verdicts of Court of Cassation and practices of firstinstance Courts are also taken into consideration. Because “Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to acountry” can only be committed by making optional movements, each optional movementexamined separately. The corpus delicti, perpetrator, victim, subject, all sides of that crime andthe applicability of the reasons to comply with law were analysed thoroughly. The purpose ofproviding either tangible or moral benefit, which is the subjective elements of the offence, wasemphasized. What is needed to be understand from the core element of providing tangible benefitand the term providing tangible benefits and the impact of evaluating whether the tangiblebenefit is provided or not through committing that crime were also utilized in the light of Courtof Cassation verdicts.By evaluating any attempt that is considered as important in practice and custom viewsof the crime, attempt as regards helping a foreign individual to enter into the country, providingan opportunity the Turkish citizen or foreigner to go abroad were dealt separately. The newapproaches that come up with the changes on the Article 79/ 1 of Turkish Criminal Code No.5237 by the law no. 6008 dated 07/ 22/ 2010 were also reviewed and comparisons were madebetween the laws no.765 and 5237. Considering the importance of the terms of accomplicity andrally of that offense, the different aspects of those were resolved as regards that specific offenseivin the light of verdicts given by both Court of Cassation and first instance Court. The specializedversions of the crimes that increase the punishment were examined within the scope of the lawsno. 765 and 5237 and our perspective on practising those also added.In the last part of the thesis, the procedural codifications that are applied by relevantjudicial authorities at both investigation and prosecution phases of judgement along with themeasures of protection of evidence and measures of security and their ways of application werealso examined. Examination held separately according to the regular and qualified versions ofoffense, which were already stated in Turkish Criminal Code. The situation of being a perpetratorof legal entities in this type of crime was also discussed and the legal responsibilities of theseentities were evaluated. Within this context, the terms and ways of application for measures ofsecurity that can be imposed to legal entities by competent authorities were clarified withexamples (or exemplified).
The term immigration has been defined as changing the residence of people in order tomeet their needs (economic, social, political and security reasons), the main point that divides itfrom ordinary moving is that the intention of people usually is to maintain their lives in whichthey move. Within the perspective of our thesis’ subject, we generally discourse the issue ofillegal immigration. Illegal immigration is a process that individuals or communities leave theplace in which they used to live and enter into another countries’ frontier illegally. Within thatprocess, they also present in that country contrary to its law. Within the scope of this thesis,whose main subject is “Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to a country” offense in TurkishCriminal Code, not only crimes related to immigration and immigrant but also the classificationand types of illegal immigration were examined profoundly. I also try to embody the offensenamely “Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to a country” within the framework of bothinternational agreements and Turkish Criminal legislation (both Turkish Criminal Codes Number765 and 5237). In addition to that, the verdicts of Court of Cassation and practices of firstinstance Courts are also taken into consideration. Because “Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to acountry” can only be committed by making optional movements, each optional movementexamined separately. The corpus delicti, perpetrator, victim, subject, all sides of that crime andthe applicability of the reasons to comply with law were analysed thoroughly. The purpose ofproviding either tangible or moral benefit, which is the subjective elements of the offence, wasemphasized. What is needed to be understand from the core element of providing tangible benefitand the term providing tangible benefits and the impact of evaluating whether the tangiblebenefit is provided or not through committing that crime were also utilized in the light of Courtof Cassation verdicts.By evaluating any attempt that is considered as important in practice and custom viewsof the crime, attempt as regards helping a foreign individual to enter into the country, providingan opportunity the Turkish citizen or foreigner to go abroad were dealt separately. The newapproaches that come up with the changes on the Article 79/ 1 of Turkish Criminal Code No.5237 by the law no. 6008 dated 07/ 22/ 2010 were also reviewed and comparisons were madebetween the laws no.765 and 5237. Considering the importance of the terms of accomplicity andrally of that offense, the different aspects of those were resolved as regards that specific offenseivin the light of verdicts given by both Court of Cassation and first instance Court. The specializedversions of the crimes that increase the punishment were examined within the scope of the lawsno. 765 and 5237 and our perspective on practising those also added.In the last part of the thesis, the procedural codifications that are applied by relevantjudicial authorities at both investigation and prosecution phases of judgement along with themeasures of protection of evidence and measures of security and their ways of application werealso examined. Examination held separately according to the regular and qualified versions ofoffense, which were already stated in Turkish Criminal Code. The situation of being a perpetratorof legal entities in this type of crime was also discussed and the legal responsibilities of theseentities were evaluated. Within this context, the terms and ways of application for measures ofsecurity that can be imposed to legal entities by competent authorities were clarified withexamples (or exemplified).