Publication: Karadeniz Havzası Jeopolitiğinde Güç Mücadelesinin Arka Planı ve Bölgesel Güvenliğin Uluslararası Önemi
Abstract
Avrupa, Kafkasya ve Orta Asya arasında bir geçiş güzergâhı olan ve Soğuk Savaş sonrası en fazla jeopolitik değişime uğrayan Karadeniz Havzası'nda, küresel güçlerin önceliklerinin ve bölgesel aktörlerin beklentilerinin de değişmesiyle birlikte, rekabet ve hâkimiyet mücadelesi çok yönlü bir boyut kazanmıştır. Bölgenin risk taşıyan özellikleri ile birlikte güvenlik algısı da değişerek çok daha kapsamlı bir hale gelmiştir. Bölge ülkeleri kendi çıkarları ve Karadeniz Havzası'nın güvenliği bakımından, birbirlerine karşı tehdit algılamalarını değiştirerek kapsamlı işbirliği girişimleri gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Ancak bölge ülkeleri ABD ve NATO yoluyla kendilerini güvenlikli bölge, AB'ye girerek de ekonomik sorunlarını çözmeyi hedefledikleri için, kendi aralarındaki işbirliği süreçleri de zayıf kalmaktadır. Karadeniz Havzası güvenliğini içeren bir diğer önemli konu da Soğuk Savaş sonrası TürkiyeRusya Federasyonu ilişkilerinde görülen yumuşama ve işbirliği çalışmalarıdır. Montreux Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'ne göre Karadeniz, kıyıdaş ya da sınırdaş olmayan küresel güçlerin savaş gemilerini sokamadığı tek denizdir. Türkiye-Rusya, Boğazlardan geçiş ve Karadeniz'de askeri güç bulundurmak konusunda aynı görüşü paylaşmışlardır. Fakat ABD ve AB, Karadeniz'de deniz gücü bulundurmayı engelleyen Montreux'nün değiştirilmesini istemektedirler. Türkiye ile Rusya arasında küreselleşme ile gelişen ekonomik ilişkilerde enerji konusunun ön plana çıkması gibi, Karadeniz'in güvenliği konusunda da, iki ülke arasında ittifakın öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Avrasya'nın merkezinde yer alan Karadeniz bölgesinde ABD özellikle son yıllardaki girişimleri ile bir etki alanı yaratmaya çalışmaktadır. Kafkasya ve Balkanlar'da olduğu gibi dünyanın diğer çatışma bölgelerine de yakın mesafede bulunan bölgede, dengenin değişmesi durumunda, Karadeniz'de olduğu kadar Kafkasya ve Ortadoğu'daki süreçlerin de olumsuz etkilenebileceğini söylemek mümkündür
In the Black Sea Basin, which has a transition route between Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia and has undergone important geopolitical changes since the Cold War’s end, the struggle for competition and domination has gained a multifaceted dimension, as the changes in the priorities of global forces and the expectations of regional actors. Along with the crisis-prone characteristics of the region, the security perception has also changed and become much more comprehensive and contested. Regional countries have undertaken comprehensive cooperation initiatives, changing their perception of threats against each other in terms of their interests and the security of the Black Sea Basin. However, the process of co-operation between the two countries remains weak, as the countries of the region are seeking to solve their economic problems by entering the EU and the security zone through the US and NATO. Another important issue involving the security of the Black Sea Basin is the softening and cooperation efforts seen in relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation after the Cold War. According to the Montreux Straits Convention, the Black Sea is the only sea on which coastal or nonborder global forces can not enter warships. Turkey-Russia shared the same view on the transition from the Bosphorus and possession of military power in the Black Sea. But the United States and the EU want Montreux to be replaced, which hampers naval power in the Black Sea. It seems that the alliance between the two countries has come to the forefront in terms of the security of the Black Sea as well as the issue of energy in the economic relations developing between Turkey and Russia. In the Black Sea region, which is located in the center of Eurasia, the United States is trying to create an impact area with its initiatives in recent years. It is possible to say that processes in the Caucasus and the Middle East can be adversely affected as much as in the Black Sea if the equilibrium is changed, as in the Caucasus and the Balkans, in the region close to other conflict regions of the world
In the Black Sea Basin, which has a transition route between Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia and has undergone important geopolitical changes since the Cold War’s end, the struggle for competition and domination has gained a multifaceted dimension, as the changes in the priorities of global forces and the expectations of regional actors. Along with the crisis-prone characteristics of the region, the security perception has also changed and become much more comprehensive and contested. Regional countries have undertaken comprehensive cooperation initiatives, changing their perception of threats against each other in terms of their interests and the security of the Black Sea Basin. However, the process of co-operation between the two countries remains weak, as the countries of the region are seeking to solve their economic problems by entering the EU and the security zone through the US and NATO. Another important issue involving the security of the Black Sea Basin is the softening and cooperation efforts seen in relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation after the Cold War. According to the Montreux Straits Convention, the Black Sea is the only sea on which coastal or nonborder global forces can not enter warships. Turkey-Russia shared the same view on the transition from the Bosphorus and possession of military power in the Black Sea. But the United States and the EU want Montreux to be replaced, which hampers naval power in the Black Sea. It seems that the alliance between the two countries has come to the forefront in terms of the security of the Black Sea as well as the issue of energy in the economic relations developing between Turkey and Russia. In the Black Sea region, which is located in the center of Eurasia, the United States is trying to create an impact area with its initiatives in recent years. It is possible to say that processes in the Caucasus and the Middle East can be adversely affected as much as in the Black Sea if the equilibrium is changed, as in the Caucasus and the Balkans, in the region close to other conflict regions of the world