Publication: Cumhuriyet dönemi ilk spor teşkilatı Türkiye idman cemiyetleri ittifakı (1922-1936)’nın yapılanma sürecinde beden eğitimi ve sporun fonksiyonları,fonksiyonlardaki değişimler ve toplumsal hayata etkileri
Abstract
Bu çaly?mada, 1922-1936 yyllary arasynda Türk sporunu yöneten Türkiye Ydman Cemiyetleri Yttifaky (TYCY)'nin, ülkenin sosyal, siyasî, askerî ve sportif ortamyna ba?ly olarak hazyrlanan nizamnamesindeki kurulu? amaçlaryndan hareketle, anylan dönemde sporun bizzat uygulanmasy dy?ynda, bir araç olarak sporun toplumda hangi fonksiyonlary yerine getirmesinin beklendi?inin ve yapylan faaliyetlerle bunlaryn hangi düzeyde gerçekle?tirildi?inin belirlenmesi amaçlanmy?tyr. Ara?tyrmada, tarama yöntemi esas alynmy? ve betimsel yöntem kullanylmy?tyr. Türkiye'de modern sporlaryn TYCY öncesi geli?imi ve TYCY dönemine ait bilgileri, TYCY'nin gerçekle?tirdi?i 8 adet kongrenin zabytlarynyn incelenmesi ve döneme ili?kin süreli ve süresiz birincil kaynaklaryn taranmasyyla elde edilmi?, belgeler için ar?iv çaly?malary yapylmy?tyr. TYCY'nin kurulu? nizamnamesindeki kapsamly amaç cümlelerinin irdelenmesi sonucu, kurumun Beden E?itimi ve Spor faaliyetlerinin organizasyonu ve yaygynla?tyrylmasy çabalarynyn bazy toplumsal beklentilere yönelik oldu?u anla?ylmy?tyr. TYCY'ye göre sporun toplumda yerine getirmesi gereken fonksiyonlar; fiziksel ve ruhsal geli?im, güçlü toplum yaratma, askere hazyrlyk ve yurt müdafaasy, millî ruh ve millî temsil, siyasî ve millî propaganda, ülkeyi tanyma ba?lyklaryyla synyflandyrylmy?tyr. Sportif aktivite gelene?inin terkedilmi? olmasy ve süregelen sava?lar nedeniyle, fiziksel ve ruhsal olarak çökmü? bir nesil devralan TYCY, özellikle gençli?in fiziksel ve ruhsal geli?imi için okul dy?y spor çaly?malary olarak kulüple?meyi ve lig organizasyonlaryny ülke geneline yaygynla?tyrmaya çaly?my?, okullara zorunlu beden e?itimi dersleri koydurmu?, Beden E?itimi Ö?retmeni yeti?tirmi?, kadynlaryn spora katylymyny te?vik etmi? ve sporcularyn ücretsiz muayene edilmelerini sa?lamy?tyr. Gençlerin fiziksel ve ruhsal geli?meleri için yapylan bu çaly?malar, ayny zamanda TYCY'nin güçlü toplum yaratma beklentisine de cevap vermektedir. Spor, gençlerin askerlik öncesi, askere ve yurt müdafaasyna hazyrlyk için en önemli araçlardan biri kabul edilmi?, ittifak bünyesinde, asker ve sivillere yönelik askerî spor kurulu?lary ihdas edilmi?tir. Atletizm, atycylyk, binicilik, su sporlary, da?cylyk, kayak, yürüyü?, eskrim ve havacylyk askerli?e ve yurt müdafaasyna hazyrlayycy sporlar olarak de?erlendirilmi?tir. Bu sporlar özellikle yaygynla?tyrylmasy için ek ödeneklerle desteklenmi?tir. Sporda uluslararasy ba?arylaryn millî ruh'u kamçylayaca?y, cumhuriyetin ön plana çykardy?y Türklük bilincini peki?tirece?i, millî temsil arzusunun sporcuyu motive edece?i dü?ünülmü?tür. Sporculardaki millî ruh'u zedeleyebilece?i kaygysyyla, profesyonellik ve kulüp taassubuna ?iddetle kar?y çykylmy?tyr. Yurt dy?ynda siyasî ve millî propaganda aracy olarak spor ön planda tutulmu?, 1924 olimpiyatlaryna hazyrlyk için yabancy antrenörler getirtilerek sporcu yeti?tirilmi?, bütçe imkanlarynyn üzerinde para tahsis edilmi? ve Türkiye'nin modern yüzü Batyya gösterilmek istenmi?tir. Uluslararasy müsabakalar sykla?tyrylmy? ve sporcularyn, yabancy sporculara ülkelerinin propagandalaryny yapmalary te?vik edilmi?tir. Spordan beklenen bir ba?ka fonksiyon ise ülkeyi tanyma olmu?tur. Bu nedenle TYCY sporcu gruplarynyn indirimli seyahat etmeleri sa?lamy?, okul izcili?i canlandyrylmy?, da?cylyk ve kayakçylyk ülkeyi tanyma için öncelikli spor bran?lary olarak geli?tirilmeye çaly?ylmy?tyr. THE PHYSYCAL TRAYNYNG AND FUNCTYONS OF SPORTS, VARYATYONS YN THE FUNCTYONS AND THEYR EFFECTS TO THE SOCYAL LYFE AT THE FORMATYON OF PROCESS OF SPORTS ORGANYSATYON TURKEY TRAYNYNG ASSEMBLY ALLYANCE (1922-1936) YN THE PERYOD OF REPUBLYC
In this study, TYCY who directed the Turkish sport in the years 1922-1936 prepared a regulation depending on the country's social, political, military and sports surroundings. According to its establishment purposes, this study focuses on the functions which the sports has to carry out and at what level these functions are carried out with the activities. Active studies have been the main consideration of this research, therefore descriptive method is used. Active studies have been done about the development of the modern sports in Turkey before TYCY and their findings concerning the TYCY period, examining the recordings of the 8 congress which the TYCY carried out for the documents that were gathered by reviewing the primary literature periodically and indefinitely concerning the period. After examining the extended aim sentence which was on the TYCY's establishment regulation. It is understood that the institute's Physical Education and Sport Activities' organization and its being widespread aimed at some social expectations. According to TYCY, the functions which the sports has to carry out in society have been limited with the headings such as physical and mental improvement, creating a powerful society, being ready for the army and defending the country, national soul and national representation, political and national propaganda and knowing the country. Because of the learning the tradition of the sports activities and the continuing of the wars, TYCY took over a generation which was physically and psychologically collapsed. TYCY particularly tried to extend the organizations nationwide which were about the physical and the psychological improvement of the youth, made the physical education lessons obligatory for schools, trained physical education teachers, encouraged women to participate in sports had all the sportsmen and women been examined for free. These studies which were carried out for the physical and psychological improvement of the youth answer the creating a powerful society expectation of the TYCY at the same time. Sports has been accepted the most significant factor for the youth to be ready for the army and defending the country, in the alliance structure, produced sports institutions regarding the military service and the civils. Athletism, marksmanship, horsemanship, water sports, mountaineering, skiing, walking, fencing and airmanship have been evaluated as preparing sports for the army and the defence of the country. It is considered that the achievement gained in sports internationally would whip the national soul, strengthen the conscious of being a Turk which the republic had made it important, motivate the sportman who is in the desire of national representative. It has been violently opposed to professional and club fanaticism that it may affect the national soul badly. Sports has been the great importance abroad as a political and national propaganda means, to be ready for the 1924 Olimpics, foreign trainers had been brought to the country in order to train sportmen, more money allocated than the budget could afford and the modern face of Turkey had been tried to show to the west. International competitions had been made more often, and the sportmen had been encouraged to make their country's propaganda to the foreign sportsmen. Another function which has expected from sports was to know the country. For this reason TYCY made the sports groups travel at a discount, the school scouting was revised, mountaineering and skiing were improved the primarily important sports branches in order to know the country.
In this study, TYCY who directed the Turkish sport in the years 1922-1936 prepared a regulation depending on the country's social, political, military and sports surroundings. According to its establishment purposes, this study focuses on the functions which the sports has to carry out and at what level these functions are carried out with the activities. Active studies have been the main consideration of this research, therefore descriptive method is used. Active studies have been done about the development of the modern sports in Turkey before TYCY and their findings concerning the TYCY period, examining the recordings of the 8 congress which the TYCY carried out for the documents that were gathered by reviewing the primary literature periodically and indefinitely concerning the period. After examining the extended aim sentence which was on the TYCY's establishment regulation. It is understood that the institute's Physical Education and Sport Activities' organization and its being widespread aimed at some social expectations. According to TYCY, the functions which the sports has to carry out in society have been limited with the headings such as physical and mental improvement, creating a powerful society, being ready for the army and defending the country, national soul and national representation, political and national propaganda and knowing the country. Because of the learning the tradition of the sports activities and the continuing of the wars, TYCY took over a generation which was physically and psychologically collapsed. TYCY particularly tried to extend the organizations nationwide which were about the physical and the psychological improvement of the youth, made the physical education lessons obligatory for schools, trained physical education teachers, encouraged women to participate in sports had all the sportsmen and women been examined for free. These studies which were carried out for the physical and psychological improvement of the youth answer the creating a powerful society expectation of the TYCY at the same time. Sports has been accepted the most significant factor for the youth to be ready for the army and defending the country, in the alliance structure, produced sports institutions regarding the military service and the civils. Athletism, marksmanship, horsemanship, water sports, mountaineering, skiing, walking, fencing and airmanship have been evaluated as preparing sports for the army and the defence of the country. It is considered that the achievement gained in sports internationally would whip the national soul, strengthen the conscious of being a Turk which the republic had made it important, motivate the sportman who is in the desire of national representative. It has been violently opposed to professional and club fanaticism that it may affect the national soul badly. Sports has been the great importance abroad as a political and national propaganda means, to be ready for the 1924 Olimpics, foreign trainers had been brought to the country in order to train sportmen, more money allocated than the budget could afford and the modern face of Turkey had been tried to show to the west. International competitions had been made more often, and the sportmen had been encouraged to make their country's propaganda to the foreign sportsmen. Another function which has expected from sports was to know the country. For this reason TYCY made the sports groups travel at a discount, the school scouting was revised, mountaineering and skiing were improved the primarily important sports branches in order to know the country.