Publication: Başkanlık sisteminin İslam kamu hukuku açısından değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
BAŞKANLIK SİSTEMİNİN İSLAM KAMU HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Demokratik siyasal sistem hükümet şekillerinden biri olan Başkanlık Sisteminin İslâm kamu hukuku açısından incelendiği bu çalışmada öncelikli olarak toplumsal yaşamın zorunlu bir neticesi olan devlet olgusu ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda devlet mefhumu dini ve felsefi açıdan incelenmiş, devletin kökenleri ve devlet mefhumunun gelişim süreci ana hatlarıyla ortaya konulmuştur. İslâm toplumu için devlet şeklinde bir siyasal yapı içerisinde yaşamanın dini gerekliliği ve bu gerekliliğin sebepleri üzerinde durulmuştur. İslâm dininin toplumsal yaşamın huzurunu temin gayesiyle telkin ettiği eşitlik, özgürlük, adalet, şûra, toplumsal dayanışma ve yardımlaşma gibi temel ilkelere dayanan İslâm siyasal sisteminin, Hz. Peygamberle birlikte Medine’de fiilen hayat bulması ve râşid halifelerle birlikte bu sistemin “hilâfet” adıyla kurumsallaşması çalışmada tahlil edilmiştir. Çalışmada devlet otoritesini kullanmada millet iradesini esas alan demokratik hükümet modelleri temel özellikleriyle aktarılmış, bu hükümet modellerinden Başkanlık Sistemi, İslâm siyasal sistemi hükümet modeli ile kuvvetler ayrılığı bakımından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu karşılaştırmada temel kriter olarak devlet şeklinde örgütlenen siyasal yapıların temel fonksiyonları olan ve siyasal sistemlerin ana karakterini yansıtan yasama, yürütme ve yargı kuvvetlerinin yapısı, oluşumu, görev ve yetkileri ve birbirleriyle ilişkileri esas alınmıştır. Neticede millet iradesine verdiği önem nedeniyle demokratik sistemlerle; yürütmenin yapısı, işleyişi, görev ve yetkileri bakımından daha çok başkanlık sistemiyle benzerlik göstermekle birlikte aslında İslâm siyasal sisteminin, vahye dayanması hasebiyle bütün sistemlerden farklı ve özgün bir sistem olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.
EVALUATION OF THE PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM IN TERMS OF ISLAMIC PUBLIC LAW In this study, in which the Presidential System, which is one of the forms of government in the democratic political system, is examined in terms of Islamic public law, the phenomenon of the state, which is a necessary result of social life, is primarily discussed. In this context, the concept of the state has been examined in terms of religion and philosophy, the origins of the state and the development process of the concept of the state have been outlined. The religious necessity of living in a political structure in the form of a state for the Islamic society and the reasons for this necessity are emphasized. The political system, which is based on basic principles such as equality, freedom, justice, consultation, social solidarity and cooperation, suggested by the religion of Islam to ensure the peace of social life, the fact that it came to life in Medina with the Prophet and the institutionalization of this system with the rightful caliphs under the name of caliphate were analyzed in the study. In the study, democratic government models based on the will of the nation in using the state authority are conveyed with their basic features, and the Presidential System, the Islamic political system, and the separation of powers are comparatively examined. In this comparison, the structure, formation, duties and powers of the legislative, executive and judicial powers, which are the basic functions of the political structures organized in the form of the state and reflect the main character of the political systems, and their relations with each other are taken as the basis. As a result, with democratic systems due to the importance given to the will of the nation; Although it is more similar to the presidential system in terms of the structure, functioning, duties and powers of the executive, it has been concluded that the Islamic political system is a different and unique system from all other systems due to its being based on revelation.
EVALUATION OF THE PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM IN TERMS OF ISLAMIC PUBLIC LAW In this study, in which the Presidential System, which is one of the forms of government in the democratic political system, is examined in terms of Islamic public law, the phenomenon of the state, which is a necessary result of social life, is primarily discussed. In this context, the concept of the state has been examined in terms of religion and philosophy, the origins of the state and the development process of the concept of the state have been outlined. The religious necessity of living in a political structure in the form of a state for the Islamic society and the reasons for this necessity are emphasized. The political system, which is based on basic principles such as equality, freedom, justice, consultation, social solidarity and cooperation, suggested by the religion of Islam to ensure the peace of social life, the fact that it came to life in Medina with the Prophet and the institutionalization of this system with the rightful caliphs under the name of caliphate were analyzed in the study. In the study, democratic government models based on the will of the nation in using the state authority are conveyed with their basic features, and the Presidential System, the Islamic political system, and the separation of powers are comparatively examined. In this comparison, the structure, formation, duties and powers of the legislative, executive and judicial powers, which are the basic functions of the political structures organized in the form of the state and reflect the main character of the political systems, and their relations with each other are taken as the basis. As a result, with democratic systems due to the importance given to the will of the nation; Although it is more similar to the presidential system in terms of the structure, functioning, duties and powers of the executive, it has been concluded that the Islamic political system is a different and unique system from all other systems due to its being based on revelation.