Publication: Kentsel güvenlik hakkının sunumunda bekçilerin rolü ve bekçilik statüsü için yeni isim önerileri
Abstract
Güvenlik hakkı, insan hakları arasında, kişilerin sağlıklı ve dengeli bir yaşam içinde hayatlarını sürmeleri bakımından oldukça kritik ve etkili bir haktır. Güvenliğin, kentlerde sağlanması olarak ifade edilen kentsel güvenlik hakkı ise günümüzde önemi gittikçe artan temel insan haklarından biridir. Kentsel güvenliğin yerine getirilmesinde yüzyıllardır var olan bekçilik kurumu, bu çalışmada, özellikle Türkiye’de tarihsel bir süreç içinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışma ile bekçilik, İslam coğrafyalarında, eski Türk uygarlıklarında ve bunları etkileyen uygarlıklarda, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ve ayrıntılı olarak Türkiye Cumhuriyet’inde kavramsal ve tarihsel olarak ele alınarak bu kurumun zaman içinde geçirdiği değişimler açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde yoğun olarak faaliyet gösteren bekçiler, Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarıyla etkinliğini sürdürürken zamanla azalmış ve 1990’lı yıllar itibarıyla durma noktasına gelerek geri hizmet konumuna düşmüşlerdir. Bekçilik sistemine, 2000’li yıllarda Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi hükûmeti tarafından tekrar işlerlik kazandırılmıştır. Çalışmada, dönemsel ve saptayıcı araştırmalar ile veriler toplanarak metin analizi yapılmıştır. Bekçilerin kentsel güvenliğin sağlanmasındaki etkileriyle alakalı resmi kayıtların düzensiz ve yetersiz olması, alanyazında saha çalışmalarının az olması, bekçiliğin polis ve jandarma teşkilatı arasında belirsiz bir konumda olması ve bekçiliğin çok az sayıda ülkede uygulanması nedeniyle karşılaştırma imkânının az olması bu çalışmanın sınırlılıklarıdır. Özellikle Anayasa Mahkemesinin 22/ 3/ 2023 tarihinde verdiği E.2020/ 59, K.2023/ 53 numaralı kararıyla 7245 sayılı Çarşı ve Mahalle Bekçileri Kanunu’nun birden fazla maddenin iptal edilmesi ve son alımın üzerinden bir yıldan fazla süre geçmesine rağmen henüz eğitimlerin başlamaması gibi sorunlar nedeniyle bekçilik müessesesinde belirsizliklerin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, çarşı ve mahalle ifadeleriyle kullanılan bekçilik statüsü için çarşı ve mahalle ifadelerinin kaldırılarak yerine kent bekçisi, kent muhafızı, gece polisi ve polis yardımcısı gibi yeni isimler ve unvanlar önerilerek güncel bir yasal düzenlemenin yapılması gerektiğine dikkat çekilmiştir.
The right to security is a very critical and effective right among human rights in terms of people living a healthy and balanced life. The right to urban security, which is defined as ensuring security in cities, is one of the fundamental human rights that is increasingly important nowadays. The watchmanship institution, which has existed for centuries in the fulfillment of urban security, is discussed in this study within a historical process, especially in Türkiye. In this study, watchmanship was discussed conceptually and historically in Islamic geographies, ancient Turkish civilizations and the civilizations that influenced them, the Ottoman Empire and in detail in the Republic of Türkiye, and the changes that this institution went through over time were tried to be explained. While the watchmen, who were intensely active during the Ottoman period, continued their effectiveness in the first years of the Republic, they decreased over time and came to a halt in the 1990s, falling into a backward service position. The watchmanship system was made functional again by the current Government in the 2000s. In the study, text analysis was performed by collecting data through periodic and descriptive research. The limitations of this study are that official records regarding the effects of watchmen in ensuring urban security are irregular and insufficient, there are few field studies in the literature, watchmanship is in an unclear position between the police and gendarmerie, and there is little possibility of comparison since watchmanship is implemented in very few countries. It has been determined that uncertainties have increased in the watchmanship institution, especially due to problems such as the cancellation of more than one article in the Law regarding the last Constitutional Court decision (E.2020/ 59, K.2023/ 53) and the fact that training has not started yet although more than a year has passed since the last recruitment. As a result of the study, it was pointed out that an updated legal regulation should be made for the watchmanship status, which is used with the expressions bazaar and neighborhood, by removing the expressions bazaar and neighborhood and proposing new names and titles such as city watchman, city guard, night police and assistant police.
The right to security is a very critical and effective right among human rights in terms of people living a healthy and balanced life. The right to urban security, which is defined as ensuring security in cities, is one of the fundamental human rights that is increasingly important nowadays. The watchmanship institution, which has existed for centuries in the fulfillment of urban security, is discussed in this study within a historical process, especially in Türkiye. In this study, watchmanship was discussed conceptually and historically in Islamic geographies, ancient Turkish civilizations and the civilizations that influenced them, the Ottoman Empire and in detail in the Republic of Türkiye, and the changes that this institution went through over time were tried to be explained. While the watchmen, who were intensely active during the Ottoman period, continued their effectiveness in the first years of the Republic, they decreased over time and came to a halt in the 1990s, falling into a backward service position. The watchmanship system was made functional again by the current Government in the 2000s. In the study, text analysis was performed by collecting data through periodic and descriptive research. The limitations of this study are that official records regarding the effects of watchmen in ensuring urban security are irregular and insufficient, there are few field studies in the literature, watchmanship is in an unclear position between the police and gendarmerie, and there is little possibility of comparison since watchmanship is implemented in very few countries. It has been determined that uncertainties have increased in the watchmanship institution, especially due to problems such as the cancellation of more than one article in the Law regarding the last Constitutional Court decision (E.2020/ 59, K.2023/ 53) and the fact that training has not started yet although more than a year has passed since the last recruitment. As a result of the study, it was pointed out that an updated legal regulation should be made for the watchmanship status, which is used with the expressions bazaar and neighborhood, by removing the expressions bazaar and neighborhood and proposing new names and titles such as city watchman, city guard, night police and assistant police.
Description
Keywords
Bazaar and Neighborhood, Bekçilik Human Rights, Belediye yönetimi, Çarşı ve Mahalle, Internal security, İç güvenlik, İnsan Hakları, Kent Hakkı, Kentsel Güvenlik Hakkı, Local government, Municipal government, the Right to the City, the Right to Urban Security, Turkey, Türkiye, Watchmanship, Yerel yönetim
