Publication: İran müzelerinde sergilenen Büyük Selçuklu çini eserlerinin değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti, hâkimiyet kurdukları coğrafyalarda, Orta Asya’dan getirdikleri kültürel mirası yerel unsurlarla harmanlayarak kendine özgü bir sanat üslubu oluşturmuş ve sanat tarihinde önemli izler bırakmıştır. Özellikle kâşi sanatında geliştirdikleri yeni teknikler ve zengin kompozisyonlar hem dönemin hem de Türk sanatının ulaştığı yüksek estetik düzeyi göstermesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Büyük Selçuklu sanatında ayrıcalıklı bir yere sahip olan kâşi sanatının etkileri, daha sonraki dönemlerde Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’ne yansımış; ardından Osmanlı kâşi sanatında da özellikle bitkisel motiflerin ağırlık kazandığı özgün bir üslupla devam etmiştir. Osmanlı kâşi sanatının kökleri, Büyük Selçuklu sanatına dayanmaktadır. Tez çalışmamızın amacı, daha önce ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmemiş olan İran müzelerinde sergilenen Büyük Selçuklu kâşilerinin figür ve motiflerini teknik, tasarım, sosyal ve kültürel bağlamlarda derinlemesine analiz ederek, bu eserlerin Türk sanatına ve tarihine katkılarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, Büyük Selçuklu tarihsel sürecinin yanı sıra kâşi sanatının teknik, yazı ve bezeme özellikleri incelenmiştir. İran müzelerinde, özellikle Tahran ve Kâşân’daki müzelerde yer alan Büyük Selçuklu kâşileri, üslup, teknik, sanatkâr, yazı ve tezyinat unsurları açısından detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiş ve kataloglanmıştır. Çalışma, bu eserlerin diğer çağdaş devletlerin kâşileriyle (Abbasiler, Fatımiler, Memlükler, Mağribîler ve Anadolu Selçukluları) benzerlik ve farklılıklarını ortaya koyarak sanat tarihi açısından yeni bir perspektif sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, incelenen eserler dünya müzelerindeki benzer örneklerle karşılaştırılarak, bu kâşilerin Büyük Selçuklu sanatındaki yerini uluslararası bir bağlamda da ele almaktadır. Araştırmamızda izlenen yöntem şu şekilde şekillenmiştir: Öncelikle İran’daki Tahran ve Kâşân gibi önemli müzelerde yer alan Büyük Selçuklu kâşileri tespit edilmiştir. Bu eserlerin müze bilgilerine ulaşılarak fotoğrafları çekilmiş ve kataloglanmıştır. Daha sonraki aşamada kâşi sanatı ile ilgili kitaplar, makaleler, bildiriler, ansiklopediler, sözlükler, kataloglar, dergiler ve tez çalışmaları titizlikle incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmamız, İran müzelerinde yer alan Büyük Selçuklu kâşilerinin birinci el kaynak niteliğinde olduğu gerçeğinden hareketle, bu kâşilerdeki tasarımların ifade ettiği anlamları, Selçuklu saray hayatını, kılık-kıyafetlerin dönemin modasını nasıl yansıttığını ve sosyo-ekonomik bağlamda sunduğu ipuçlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda tezimizin, Türk tarihi, kültürü ve sanatına önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca, Selçuklu tarihi, kâşi sanatı ve genel olarak sanat tarihiyle ilgilenen genç araştırmacıların bu alandaki çalışmalarını teşvik etmesi de çalışmamızın hedefleri arasında yer almaktadır.
The Great Seljuk Empire, by blending the cultural heritage brought from Central Asia with local elements in the regions it controlled, created a unique artistic style and left a significant mark in art history. Particularly, the new techniques and rich compositions developed in ceramic art are of great importance, demonstrating the high aesthetic level achieved by both the era and Turkish art. The influence of ceramic art, which holds a privileged place in Great Seljuk art, was reflected in later periods, particularly in the Anatolian Seljuk Empire, and then continued in Ottoman ceramic art, with a unique style where plant motifs became predominant. The roots of Ottoman ceramic art are deeply connected to the art of the Great Seljuks. The aim of this thesis is to provide an in-depth analysis of the figures and motifs of Great Seljuk ceramics exhibited in Iranian museums, which have not been extensively studied before, by exploring their technical, design, social, and cultural contexts, and to reveal the contributions of these works to Turkish art and history. In this context, the historical period of the Great Seljuks, as well as the technical, scriptural, and decorative characteristics of ceramic art, have been examined. The Great Seljuk ceramics in Iranian museums, particularly those in Tehran and Kashan, have been thoroughly evaluated and cataloged in terms of style, technique, artisan, script, and ornamentation elements. This study aims to offer a new perspective on art history by comparing these works with ceramics from other contemporary states (Abbasids, Fatimids, Mamluks, Maghribis, and Anatolian Seljuks), highlighting similarities and differences. Additionally, the examined works are compared with similar examples in world museums to assess the place of these ceramics in the context of Great Seljuk art internationally. The methodology followed in this research is as follows: Initially, Great Seljuk ceramics located in important museums in Iran, such as those in Tehran and Kashan, were identified. The museum information of these works was obtained, photographs were taken, and they were cataloged. In the subsequent phase, books, articles, papers, encyclopedias, dictionaries, catalogs, journals, and thesis studies related to ceramic art were meticulously reviewed. As a result, this study, based on the fact that the Great Seljuk ceramics in Iranian museums serve as primary sources, reveals the meanings expressed by the designs of these ceramics, how they reflect Seljuk palace life, the fashion of the period through clothing, and the socio-economic insights they offer. In this context, it is believed that our thesis will make significant contributions to Turkish history, culture, and art. Furthermore, one of the objectives of this study is to encourage young researchers interested in Seljuk history, ceramic art, and art history in general to pursue further studies in this field.
The Great Seljuk Empire, by blending the cultural heritage brought from Central Asia with local elements in the regions it controlled, created a unique artistic style and left a significant mark in art history. Particularly, the new techniques and rich compositions developed in ceramic art are of great importance, demonstrating the high aesthetic level achieved by both the era and Turkish art. The influence of ceramic art, which holds a privileged place in Great Seljuk art, was reflected in later periods, particularly in the Anatolian Seljuk Empire, and then continued in Ottoman ceramic art, with a unique style where plant motifs became predominant. The roots of Ottoman ceramic art are deeply connected to the art of the Great Seljuks. The aim of this thesis is to provide an in-depth analysis of the figures and motifs of Great Seljuk ceramics exhibited in Iranian museums, which have not been extensively studied before, by exploring their technical, design, social, and cultural contexts, and to reveal the contributions of these works to Turkish art and history. In this context, the historical period of the Great Seljuks, as well as the technical, scriptural, and decorative characteristics of ceramic art, have been examined. The Great Seljuk ceramics in Iranian museums, particularly those in Tehran and Kashan, have been thoroughly evaluated and cataloged in terms of style, technique, artisan, script, and ornamentation elements. This study aims to offer a new perspective on art history by comparing these works with ceramics from other contemporary states (Abbasids, Fatimids, Mamluks, Maghribis, and Anatolian Seljuks), highlighting similarities and differences. Additionally, the examined works are compared with similar examples in world museums to assess the place of these ceramics in the context of Great Seljuk art internationally. The methodology followed in this research is as follows: Initially, Great Seljuk ceramics located in important museums in Iran, such as those in Tehran and Kashan, were identified. The museum information of these works was obtained, photographs were taken, and they were cataloged. In the subsequent phase, books, articles, papers, encyclopedias, dictionaries, catalogs, journals, and thesis studies related to ceramic art were meticulously reviewed. As a result, this study, based on the fact that the Great Seljuk ceramics in Iranian museums serve as primary sources, reveals the meanings expressed by the designs of these ceramics, how they reflect Seljuk palace life, the fashion of the period through clothing, and the socio-economic insights they offer. In this context, it is believed that our thesis will make significant contributions to Turkish history, culture, and art. Furthermore, one of the objectives of this study is to encourage young researchers interested in Seljuk history, ceramic art, and art history in general to pursue further studies in this field.
Description
Keywords
Bezeme Iranian Museums, Büyük Selçuklu, Çiniler, Türk, especially the glazed and often intricate Kâşi ceramics that were highly influential during the Seljuk period), Figure, Figür, Great Seljuks, History, Iran, İran, İran Müzeleri, Kashan (a historical city in Iran known for its significant production of ceramics, Kâşi, Kâşi (tile art specific to the Great Seljuk period), Motif, Museums, Müzeler, Ornamentation, Tarih, Tiles, Turkish
