Publication: Yahudilik’te İbadet
Abstract
Yahudi ibadeti Atalar dönemi, Musa dönemi, Mabed (Bet ha-Mikdaş) ve Mabed sonrası dönem olmak üzere dört devrede incelenebilir. Yahudi ataları olarak kabul edilen İbrahim, İshak ve Yakub tek bir ilaha inanırlardı. O'na kurban kesmek için mezbahlar inşa etmişlerdi. Kurbanlarını oldukça basit merasimlerle keserlerdi. Musa döneminde toplanma çadırı, ahit sandığı ve din adamları müessesesi gibi birçok dinî merasim ve kültle ilgili yeniliklerin ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. İbadetin esas parçasını atalarda olduğu gibi kurban oluşturmaktaydı. Dua da ayrı bir önemi haizdi. Süleyman'ın inşa ettiği Bet ha-Mikdaş, Çadır Mabed'in bir izdüşümünden ibaretti. Bu Mabed sonraki dönemlerde Yahudi dininin merkezi telakki edildi. Yahve'nin Mabed'de bulunduğuna inanıldı. Sabah ve akşam takdim edilen kurbanın arzı esnasında Mabed'de muhteşem ayinler düzenlendi. Bayramların kutlanması özel bir önemi haizdi. Halk şabatlarda, Roş Hodeş ve üç hac bayramında Rabb'e ibadet için mabedlere akın ederlerdi. Ziraî bayramlarda da Bet ha-Mikdaş'da bir araya gelirler ve raksederlerdi. Yahve'ye yapılan ibadet zamanla saflığını kaybetti. M.Ö. 621 yılında Yoşiya gerçekleştirdiği reformlarla ibadetleri putperest adetlerden arındırdı. Kurban Kudüs'de merkezileştirildi. Mabed tahrip edilip Yahudiler sürgüne gönderildiğinde (M.Ö. 586) Kudüs'de olmamaları sebebiyle kurban takdim edemediler, ama sürgünde inşa ettikleri yeni mabedler (sinagog)'de dua ve kutsal yazı okumaları gibi diğer yollarla Allah'a ibadeti sürdürdüler. Tevrat'ta sadece Yom Kipur'da oruç tutulması emredilmesine rağmen I. Mabed döneminde oruç ihtiyarî hale gelmiştir. Ancak sürgünden sonra düzenli bir ibadet olmuştur. Yine Babil esaretinden sonra, onda bir oranında verilen zekat, önceki dönemlerin aksine devlet tarafından alınmaya başlanmıştır. Sürgünden sonra, Mabed'in yeniden inşası birtakım değişiklikleri de beraberinde getirdi. Nehemya (M.Ö. 445-432) ve Ezra (M.Ö. 432-397)'nın çalışmalarıyla Yahudilik adeta yeniden şekillendi. II. Mabed döneminde de ibadetin karakteristik özelliği iki kuzunun kurban edildiği tamid takdimesi idi. Kurban ayini çok daha muhteşem bir merasimle yapılmaya başlandı.. M.S. 70 yılında II. Mabed'in tahribiyle kurban takdimesi, sinagogdaki dua ibadeti ile yer değiştirdi. Bu dualar bir akşam ibadeti ilavesi ile kurbanların kesildiği vakitlere uyduruldu. Günümüzde Yahudiler günde üç vakit ibadet etmektedirler. Eski bayramlarla birlikte sonraları ihdas edilen bayramlara riayet etmeyi sürdürürler.
Jewish worship can be divided into four sections; which are patriarchal age, Moses' period, Temple (Bet ha-Mikdash) and after Temple. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob who are called as patriarchs of Jewish were monotheists. They built altars in order to sacrifice for Yahweh. They were having very basing ceremonies to sacrifice. There had been many new developments that are connected to the religious ceremony and cult in Moses' period such as tent of meeting, the Ark and the priesthood. The most important part of the worship was the sacrifice like their patriarchs. Prayer also was very important. Temple which was built by Solomon was a projection of the tent of meeting. Temple was accepted as the centre of Judaism later on. It was believed that Yahweh was present in the Temple. Magnificent rites had been organised on presentation of the sacrifice in the morning and evening in the Temple. Celebration of the feast had a special importance. People were rushing into temples in order to worship to Yahweh on Sabbath, Rosh Hodesh and three great festivals of the year. They were coming together on the agricultural feast in Temple and dancing. Worship which was made for Yahweh was lost its purity by the time. Josiah had cleaned the worship from pagan customs with his reforms in BC 621. Sacrifice was carried out in Jerusalem only. Jewish people could not sacrifice because they had been sent into exile (BC 586) and their Temple was destroyed, but they built synagogue in order to pray and read the scripture for Yahweh. Fasting was ordered for Yom Kippur only in Torah but in the period of first Temple, fasting had been optional. After the Exile, fasting had become a regular worship. Again after the Exile, tithe was started being collected by the government where as it was not done like that before. Building the Temple again after the Exile had brought some changes into the scene. Judaism was reshaped again by the work of Nehemiah (BC 445-432) and Ezra (BC 432-397). The main characteristic speciality of the worship was to sacrifice two lambs which was known as Tamid in second Temple period. This rite had been carried out with a splendid ceremony. Sacrifice had been exchanged with prayer in synagogue in AD 70 after destruction of the second Temple. These prayers were adjusted according to the time of the sacrifice and an evening prayer was added additionally. Nowadays Jewish people pray three times a day. They celebrate the old festivals as well as the new ones.
Jewish worship can be divided into four sections; which are patriarchal age, Moses' period, Temple (Bet ha-Mikdash) and after Temple. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob who are called as patriarchs of Jewish were monotheists. They built altars in order to sacrifice for Yahweh. They were having very basing ceremonies to sacrifice. There had been many new developments that are connected to the religious ceremony and cult in Moses' period such as tent of meeting, the Ark and the priesthood. The most important part of the worship was the sacrifice like their patriarchs. Prayer also was very important. Temple which was built by Solomon was a projection of the tent of meeting. Temple was accepted as the centre of Judaism later on. It was believed that Yahweh was present in the Temple. Magnificent rites had been organised on presentation of the sacrifice in the morning and evening in the Temple. Celebration of the feast had a special importance. People were rushing into temples in order to worship to Yahweh on Sabbath, Rosh Hodesh and three great festivals of the year. They were coming together on the agricultural feast in Temple and dancing. Worship which was made for Yahweh was lost its purity by the time. Josiah had cleaned the worship from pagan customs with his reforms in BC 621. Sacrifice was carried out in Jerusalem only. Jewish people could not sacrifice because they had been sent into exile (BC 586) and their Temple was destroyed, but they built synagogue in order to pray and read the scripture for Yahweh. Fasting was ordered for Yom Kippur only in Torah but in the period of first Temple, fasting had been optional. After the Exile, fasting had become a regular worship. Again after the Exile, tithe was started being collected by the government where as it was not done like that before. Building the Temple again after the Exile had brought some changes into the scene. Judaism was reshaped again by the work of Nehemiah (BC 445-432) and Ezra (BC 432-397). The main characteristic speciality of the worship was to sacrifice two lambs which was known as Tamid in second Temple period. This rite had been carried out with a splendid ceremony. Sacrifice had been exchanged with prayer in synagogue in AD 70 after destruction of the second Temple. These prayers were adjusted according to the time of the sacrifice and an evening prayer was added additionally. Nowadays Jewish people pray three times a day. They celebrate the old festivals as well as the new ones.