Publication: Osmanlı Basınında Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913)
Abstract
1912-13 Balkan Savaşları ile ilgili olarak birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda Osmanlı Devleti’nin savaşı kaybetme nedeni olarak 3 Temmuz 1910 yılında İttihat ve Terakki yönetimi tarafından çıkarılan kiliseler kanunu, 1912 yılında Balkan Savaşı öncesinde yapılan asker terhisleri, Sırbistan Devleti tarafından Selanik üzerinden harp mühimmatı geçirilmesi ve askerlerin siyasetle uğraşması ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Hatta 15 Temmuz 1912 tarihinde meclis konuşmasında Hariciye Nazırı Asım Bey’in “Balkanlardan imanım kadar eminim” sözünü kullanarak Asım Bey’in ülkedeki gelişmelerden ne kadar duyarsız olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Oysaki Asım Bey “Bu devletin âtisinden imanın kadar eminim” demiştir. Yaklaşık bir asır bu yanılgı devam etmiştir. Yaptığımız çalışma sonucunda Kiliseler ve Mektepler meselesinin Balkan Savaşları öncesinde Balkan müttefiklerini bir araya getirmediği ortaya konmuştur. Asker terhisleri ise şartların gereği ve Balkanlarda yeni bir yapılaşma sürecine girişilmesinden dolayı yapılmıştır. Terhis konusunda Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi belgelerinde herhangi bir rakam geçmemektedir. Ordu savaş başlamadan önce fazla bir hazırlık yapamamıştır. Sırbistan Devleti’nin ise sadece 1912 yılı içerisinde değil 1908 Ekim ayından itibaren Selanik yoluyla Sırbistan’a harp mühimmatı geçirdiği anlaşılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin savaşı kaybetme nedenlerin birisi de 1912 yılı ilkbaharından başlayarak Balkan Savaşı’nın başladığı Ekim ayına kadar siyasetin İttihat ve Terakki fırkası ile Hürriyet ve İtilaf fırkası arasında çok şiddetlenmiş olmasıdır. Osmanlı Devleti Balkan devletlerinin çalışmalarına duyarsız kalmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti denge politikasını devam etmiş, Avrupalı büyük devletlerin Balkan Savaşı’nın çıkmasına müsaade etmeyeceği yaygın bir görüş haline gelmişti. Çünkü Balkan Savaşı’nın çıkması durumunda bunun bir Dünya Savaşına neden olacağı düşünülmekte idi. Osmanlı Devleti Balkan Savaşı’na siyasi ve askerî olarak hazırlanmamıştı. Sonuçta Balkan Savaşı çıktı. Osmanlı Devleti, bir ay içerisinde Edirne, Yanya ve İşkodra hariç Balkan topraklarını kaybetti. Balkan Savaşı, siyaset, Balkan Müttefiklerinin hazırlıkları, Kiliseler meselesi, asker terhisi, Harp mühimmatı, Büyük Devletler, Uçak, Donanma.
Numerous studies have been conducted referring to the 1912-13 Balkan Wars. Within these studies there brought in the foreground the law on churches enacted on 3 July 1910 year by the Party of Union and Progress administration, soldier demobilizations applied in year 1912 on the verge of the Balkan War, warfare ammunition transfer through Thessaloniki by Serbian State and the members of the military being engaged themselves with politics. Even exploiting Minister of State Asım Bey’s statement “I am assured on Balkans as my faith” that he had used in a national assembly speech, it had been stated that he had been to the extent that insensitive against the progressions in the country. Whereas Asım Bey had said “I am sure of the future of this state as my faith”. This delusion had continued for approximately half century long. As the conclusion of our study it has been asserted that Churches and Schools issues had not united together the Balkan allies before the Balkan Wars. Regarding the soldier demobilizations it had been executed because of by force of the conditions and because of getting in an attempt of a new structuring process in the Balkans. There do not take place any figure about the demobilization in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives’ documents. The Army could not make any considerable dispositions before the war begins. As for the Serbian State, it had been understood that it had transferred warfare ammunition through Thessaloniki to Serbia not only in year 1912 but from month November of year 1908. One of the reasons of the Ottoman Empire losing the war is that beginning from the spring of the year 1912 up to the month November that the Balkan War began politics between the Party of Union and Progress and the Party of Freedom and Accord became intensified very much. Ottoman Empire remained insensitive against the movements of the Balkan states. The Ottoman Government maintained its balance policy; there the opinion became common that the European major states would not allow the Balkan War breaks out. Because of that it had been considered that if Balkan War breaks out it should provoke a World War. Ottoman Empire had had not prepared as politically and militarily for the Balkan War. Eventually the Balkan War broke out. In a month Ottoman Empire lost out the Balkan lands except Edirne, Janina and Shkoder. Key Words: Balkan War, politics, Balkan Allies ground-works, Churches issue, soldier demobilization, Warfare ammunition, Major States, Plane, Navy
Numerous studies have been conducted referring to the 1912-13 Balkan Wars. Within these studies there brought in the foreground the law on churches enacted on 3 July 1910 year by the Party of Union and Progress administration, soldier demobilizations applied in year 1912 on the verge of the Balkan War, warfare ammunition transfer through Thessaloniki by Serbian State and the members of the military being engaged themselves with politics. Even exploiting Minister of State Asım Bey’s statement “I am assured on Balkans as my faith” that he had used in a national assembly speech, it had been stated that he had been to the extent that insensitive against the progressions in the country. Whereas Asım Bey had said “I am sure of the future of this state as my faith”. This delusion had continued for approximately half century long. As the conclusion of our study it has been asserted that Churches and Schools issues had not united together the Balkan allies before the Balkan Wars. Regarding the soldier demobilizations it had been executed because of by force of the conditions and because of getting in an attempt of a new structuring process in the Balkans. There do not take place any figure about the demobilization in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives’ documents. The Army could not make any considerable dispositions before the war begins. As for the Serbian State, it had been understood that it had transferred warfare ammunition through Thessaloniki to Serbia not only in year 1912 but from month November of year 1908. One of the reasons of the Ottoman Empire losing the war is that beginning from the spring of the year 1912 up to the month November that the Balkan War began politics between the Party of Union and Progress and the Party of Freedom and Accord became intensified very much. Ottoman Empire remained insensitive against the movements of the Balkan states. The Ottoman Government maintained its balance policy; there the opinion became common that the European major states would not allow the Balkan War breaks out. Because of that it had been considered that if Balkan War breaks out it should provoke a World War. Ottoman Empire had had not prepared as politically and militarily for the Balkan War. Eventually the Balkan War broke out. In a month Ottoman Empire lost out the Balkan lands except Edirne, Janina and Shkoder. Key Words: Balkan War, politics, Balkan Allies ground-works, Churches issue, soldier demobilization, Warfare ammunition, Major States, Plane, Navy