Publication: Afganistan’da iki fıkıh metni : fetâvâ-yı Ahmed Şâhî ve Kânûn-i emîrî’nin fıkhî mukayesesi
Abstract
İslâm, Afganistan’a ikinci halife Hz. Ömer döneminde ulaşmış ve bu tarihten itibaren bölgede önemli fıkıh âlimleri yetişmiştir. Belh, Bust, Gazne, Herat ve Cüzcan gibi merkezlerde birçok klasik fıkıh eseri kaleme alınmıştır. Zamanla, hükümdarların doğrudan talebiyle yazılan fıkıh kitapları da ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu geleneğin bir parçası olan Fetâvâ-yı Ahmed Şâhî ve Kânûn-i Emîrî adlı iki fıkhî eser incelenmektedir. İlki, Afganistan’ın kurucusu Ahmed Şah Abdâlî'nin talebiyle Molla Abdullah tarafından Peştuca kaleme alınmış olup Peştuca’daki ilk fetva kitabı olma özelliği taşımaktadır. İkincisi ise Emir Şîr Ali Han’ın isteğiyle Kadı Abdulkâdir Kadro tarafından Farsça olarak yazılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, bu iki eseri içerik, yöntem, kaynak kullanımı ve hukuk anlayışı bakımından karşılaştırarak tanıtmaktır. Eserlerin dil özellikleri, tertip şekli, delil sunma biçimleri, ihtilaflara yaklaşımları ve tercih süreçleri analiz edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda, nadir bulunan yazma ve matbu nüshalara ulaşmak amacıyla yapılan saha çalışmaları ve arşiv taramaları detaylı biçimde aktarılmıştır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, akademik literatürde yeterince ele alınmamış Peştuca ve Farsça kaynakları karşılaştırmalı biçimde inceleyen özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır.
Islam reached Afghanistan during the reign of the second caliph, ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, and since then, the region has produced many prominent Islamic jurists. Numerous classical works of Islamic jurisprudence were composed in major centers such as Balkh, Ghazni, Herat, and Jowzjan. Over time, legal texts commissioned directly by rulers also emerged. This study examines two such jurisprudential works that belong to this tradition: Fatāwā-yi Aḥmad Shāhī and Kānūn-i Amīrī. The former was written in Pashto by Molla Abdullah at the request of Aḥmad Shāh Durrānī, the founder of modern Afghanistan, and is considered the first fatwa collection written in Pashto. The latter was composed in Persian by Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Qādir Kadro upon the order of Amīr Shīr ʿAlī Khān. The aim of this study is to introduce and compare these two works in terms of their content, methodology, use of sources, and legal understanding. The analysis includes their linguistic features, structural organization, method of presenting evidence, treatment of legal disagreements, and the processes by which legal preferences are made. In addition, this study presents detailed findings from field research and archival investigations conducted to locate rare manuscript and printed copies of these texts. In this respect, the research offers a unique contribution to the academic literature by comparatively analyzing jurisprudential sources written in Pashto and Persian—two languages that have received limited scholarly attention.
Islam reached Afghanistan during the reign of the second caliph, ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, and since then, the region has produced many prominent Islamic jurists. Numerous classical works of Islamic jurisprudence were composed in major centers such as Balkh, Ghazni, Herat, and Jowzjan. Over time, legal texts commissioned directly by rulers also emerged. This study examines two such jurisprudential works that belong to this tradition: Fatāwā-yi Aḥmad Shāhī and Kānūn-i Amīrī. The former was written in Pashto by Molla Abdullah at the request of Aḥmad Shāh Durrānī, the founder of modern Afghanistan, and is considered the first fatwa collection written in Pashto. The latter was composed in Persian by Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Qādir Kadro upon the order of Amīr Shīr ʿAlī Khān. The aim of this study is to introduce and compare these two works in terms of their content, methodology, use of sources, and legal understanding. The analysis includes their linguistic features, structural organization, method of presenting evidence, treatment of legal disagreements, and the processes by which legal preferences are made. In addition, this study presents detailed findings from field research and archival investigations conducted to locate rare manuscript and printed copies of these texts. In this respect, the research offers a unique contribution to the academic literature by comparatively analyzing jurisprudential sources written in Pashto and Persian—two languages that have received limited scholarly attention.