Publication: Konvansiyonel ve nükleer santrallerin karşılaştırılması
Abstract
Günümüzde ülkelerin gelismislik düzeyleri, ülkelerin enerji üretim ve tüketim oranlariyla degerlendirilmektedir. Artan dünya nüfusu ve gelisen sanayi nedeniyle gelismekte olan ülkelerin elektrik enerjisine olan ihtiyaçlari artmaktadir. Ülkemiz de gelismekte olan bir ülke olarak, ucuz, bol ve temiz enerji kaynaklarinin arayisi içerisindedir. Elektrik enerjisi ihtiyacinin büyük bir bölümü primer enerji kaynaklarindan saglanmaktadir. Suyun potansiyel enerjisini elektrik enerjisine dönüstüren hidroelektrik santralleri, fosil yakitlarin kimyasal enerjisini, isi ve elektrik enerjisine dönüstüren fosil yakitli (termik) santraller, primer enerji kaynaklarindan elektrik enerjisi üretmektedirler. Bu enerji kaynaklarina ek olarak, ikinci dünya savasindan sonra kullanilmaya baslanilan ve hizla yayginlasan nükleer enerji alternatif bir enerji kaynagi olarak karsimiza çikmaktadir. Özellikle Chernobyl nükleer kazasindan sonra nükleer santrallerin ve diger santrallerin çevreye etkileri , kamuoyu ve bilim çevrelerince yogun bir sekilde tartisilmaya baslanmistir. Bu tez çalismasinda, konvansiyonel ve nükleer santrallerin yanlizca çevreye etkileri bakimindan degil, enerji üretim maliyetleri ve çalisma biçimleri bakimindan da karsilastirmalari yapilmistir. Bu tez çalismasi yedi bölümden olusmaktadir. Birinci bölümde; hidroelektrik santrallerin, fosil yakitli santrallerin yapilari, çalisma prensipleri, çesitleri, santrallerin bölümleri açiklanarak kullanim alanlari üzerinde durulmustur. Ikinci bölümde; nükleer santrallerin çalisma prensibi, kullanim amaçlari, santral tiplerinin özellikleri açiklanmistir. Üçüncü bölümde; hidroelektrik santrallerin, fiziksel, biyolojik ve sosyal çevreye etkileri, fosil yakitli santrallerin neden olduklari kimyasal ve isil kirlenme incelenmistir. Dördüncü bölümde; nükleer santrallerin neden oldugu kimyasal ve isil kirlenme, radyasyonun biyolojik etkileri, radyoaktif atik kaynaklari, çesitleri ve zararsiz hale getirilmeleri, saklanmalari ve radyasyondan korunma yollari açiklanmistir. Besinci bölümde; hidroelektrik ve fosil yakitli santrallerin, enerji üretim maliyetlerinin hesabinda kullanilan, yillik sermaye masrafi, isletme ve onarim masraflari ile yakit masraflarinin tanimlari ve bagintilari açiklanarak santrallere göre enerji üretim ve birim enerji üretim maliyetlerinin nasil hesaplandigi anlatilmistir. Altinci bölümde; nükleer santrallerde ise yine yatirim, isletme ve bakim masraflari ile enerji üretim maliyetlerinin nasil hesaplandigi örneklerle açiklanmistir. Yedinci bölümde; Ilk üç bölümde verilen bilgilerin isigi altinda hidroelektrik, fosil yakitli ve nükleer santrallerin, çalisma biçimleri, çevreye etkileri ve enerji üretim maliyetleri yönünden birbirlerine göre, avantajlari ve dezavantajlari ortaya konulmaya çalisilmistir.
Nowadays, civilisation levels of countries are being evaluated with the energy production rate and consumption rate. Because of increasing world population and developing industry, the electrical energy need of the third world countries have been increasing. Our country as a third world country, is one of the countries that has been searching for cheap, clean and plentiful energy sources. Most part of the energy need is supplied by the primer energy sources. Potential energy of water and chemical energy of fossil fuel has been altered to electricity energy by hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants. Both of these plants produce electricity energy from primer energy sources. In addition to these energy sources, after Second World War, nuclear energy was commonly and rapidly began to utilize as an alternative energy. Especially, after Chernobyl nuclear accident, the environment effects of nuclear and other power plants were began to argue by scientists and people in public opinions. In this study, conventional and nuclear power plants' effects to environment have not been plants and the costs of their energy production have been compared. In this study has been consisted of seven main sections. In the first section, the constructions, the operation of hydroelectric and thermal power plants have been explained and the fields of their utilisations have been pointed out. In the second section, the operation and the construction and the aims of utilisations have been explained in details. In the third section, physical, biological and social effects of hydroelectric and thermal and chemical pollution of fossil fuel plants examined carefully. In the fourth section, thermal and chemical pollution of nuclear power plants, type and harmful effects of radioactive churns, keeping and way of saving life from radiation have been explained. In the fifth section, In calculation cost of hydroelectric and fossil fuel power plants' the cost of investment, operating and maintaining, production, fuel for calculation cost of hydroelectric and fossil fuel power plants, their introductions and equations have been explained with examples. In the sixth section, the cost of investment, operating and maintaining, fuel and the cost of production per year for nuclear power plant how to calculate have been explained with examples. In the last section, under given information in the first six sections, the operation of hydroelectric, fossil fuel and nuclear power plants, their environment effects and the costs of their energy production have been compared. In addition to, advantages and disadvantages of the power plants have been examined carefully.
Nowadays, civilisation levels of countries are being evaluated with the energy production rate and consumption rate. Because of increasing world population and developing industry, the electrical energy need of the third world countries have been increasing. Our country as a third world country, is one of the countries that has been searching for cheap, clean and plentiful energy sources. Most part of the energy need is supplied by the primer energy sources. Potential energy of water and chemical energy of fossil fuel has been altered to electricity energy by hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants. Both of these plants produce electricity energy from primer energy sources. In addition to these energy sources, after Second World War, nuclear energy was commonly and rapidly began to utilize as an alternative energy. Especially, after Chernobyl nuclear accident, the environment effects of nuclear and other power plants were began to argue by scientists and people in public opinions. In this study, conventional and nuclear power plants' effects to environment have not been plants and the costs of their energy production have been compared. In this study has been consisted of seven main sections. In the first section, the constructions, the operation of hydroelectric and thermal power plants have been explained and the fields of their utilisations have been pointed out. In the second section, the operation and the construction and the aims of utilisations have been explained in details. In the third section, physical, biological and social effects of hydroelectric and thermal and chemical pollution of fossil fuel plants examined carefully. In the fourth section, thermal and chemical pollution of nuclear power plants, type and harmful effects of radioactive churns, keeping and way of saving life from radiation have been explained. In the fifth section, In calculation cost of hydroelectric and fossil fuel power plants' the cost of investment, operating and maintaining, production, fuel for calculation cost of hydroelectric and fossil fuel power plants, their introductions and equations have been explained with examples. In the sixth section, the cost of investment, operating and maintaining, fuel and the cost of production per year for nuclear power plant how to calculate have been explained with examples. In the last section, under given information in the first six sections, the operation of hydroelectric, fossil fuel and nuclear power plants, their environment effects and the costs of their energy production have been compared. In addition to, advantages and disadvantages of the power plants have been examined carefully.