Publication: İslam ceza hukukunda suça teşebbüs
Abstract
“İslam Ceza Hukukunda Suça Teşebbüs” adını taşıyan bu tezimiz, klasik ve çağdaş kaynaklara dayanarak İslam Ceza Hukukunun “suça teşebbüs” teorisine yabancı olmadığını ve buna gereken önemi verdiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. İslam Ceza Hukukunda teori olarak teşebbüs ortaya konmamıştır. Çünkü Batı Hukukunda bu teorinin geliştirilmemesi durumunda “kanunsuz suç ve ceza olmaz” prensibi gereğince teşebbüs aşamasında kalan bir çok zararlı davranış cezasız kalacaktı. İslam Hukukunda ise ta’zîr suç ve cezaları teşebbüsü de kapsadığından bu teoriye ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır. Zira İslam Hukukuna göre; bir fiil veya terk masıyet/ suç kapsamına giriyorsa ve naslar tarafından cezası belirlenmemişse ta’zîrle cezalandırılır, hükmü teşebbüsü de kapsamaktadır. İslam Ceza Hukukunda teşebbüs; kasıt (manevi unsur), suçun icrasına başlanmış olması (maddi unsur) ve failin iradesi dışında neticenin meydana gelmemesi unsurlarından oluşur. Buna göre, İslam Hukukunda teşebbüs öncesi düşünce cezalandırılmamaktadır. Suç öncesi hazırlık hareketlerinin cezalandırılması gerektiğini söyleyen fakihler varsa da İslam Hukukçularının genel kanaati aksi yöndedir. Kasıtlı olmayan suçlar ise manevi unsur bulunmadığı için teşebbüse konu olmamaktadırlar. İslam Ceza hukukuna göre, teşebbüs ta’zîr ile cezalandırılır. Ta’zîrin miktarını belirleme yetkisi ise ulu’l-emre ve hâkime bırakılmıştır. Teşebbüste vazgeçme konusunu fakihler tevbenin cezalara etkisi bağlamında ele almışlardır. Tevbe, kamuyu/ hukukullahı ilgilendiren teşebbüs suçlarında cezayı düşürmekle birlikte kul hakkını ilgilendiren suçlarda tevbenin cezaya bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır.
This thesis, titled as “Attempted Crime in the Islamic Criminal Law”, by sustaining to classical and contemporary sources, aims to demonstrate that the notion of “attempted crime” is not unfamiliar to the Islamic Criminal Law and it is necessarily emphasized. Attempt is not defined theoretically in the Islamic Criminal Law. In the Western Law, due to the principal of “there are no crime and punishment without law”, the attempted crimes would remain unpunished in the absence of a theory of attempt. However in the Islamic Law, such a theory is not needed since ta’zir, which means punishing a criminal action that is not defined by nas, also includes the notion of attempt. In the Islamic Law, attempt consists of the intention (inward factor), being started to the action of crime (outward factor), and the absence of the consequence beyond the criminal’s control. Thus, solely thought before the action is not punished in the Islamic Law. Actions in order to get prepared for the crime are also not punished according to the general reputation, even some argue the opposite. Unintentional actions are not even a subject of attempted crime since it lacks the inward factor. According to the Islamic Criminal Law the attempted crimes are punished by ta’zir, in which the content of the punishment is sentenced by ulu’l emr or judge. Renouncement during the action is discussed as a matter of the effect of tevbe to the punishment. Tevbe reduces the punishment in where the attempted crime is related to the public and hukukullah, however it has no effect if the crime is correlated to subject rights.
This thesis, titled as “Attempted Crime in the Islamic Criminal Law”, by sustaining to classical and contemporary sources, aims to demonstrate that the notion of “attempted crime” is not unfamiliar to the Islamic Criminal Law and it is necessarily emphasized. Attempt is not defined theoretically in the Islamic Criminal Law. In the Western Law, due to the principal of “there are no crime and punishment without law”, the attempted crimes would remain unpunished in the absence of a theory of attempt. However in the Islamic Law, such a theory is not needed since ta’zir, which means punishing a criminal action that is not defined by nas, also includes the notion of attempt. In the Islamic Law, attempt consists of the intention (inward factor), being started to the action of crime (outward factor), and the absence of the consequence beyond the criminal’s control. Thus, solely thought before the action is not punished in the Islamic Law. Actions in order to get prepared for the crime are also not punished according to the general reputation, even some argue the opposite. Unintentional actions are not even a subject of attempted crime since it lacks the inward factor. According to the Islamic Criminal Law the attempted crimes are punished by ta’zir, in which the content of the punishment is sentenced by ulu’l emr or judge. Renouncement during the action is discussed as a matter of the effect of tevbe to the punishment. Tevbe reduces the punishment in where the attempted crime is related to the public and hukukullah, however it has no effect if the crime is correlated to subject rights.