Publication: Factors affecting the implementation of livestock policy in chad
Abstract
Hayvancılık, Çad'ın gelişmekte olan bir ülke olarak önemli bir ekonomik bileşenidir. Petrol sektöründen sonra genel olarak ülkenin GSYİH'sini paylaşmaktadır. Önemine rağmen, bu sektör bir takım kısıtlamalarla karşı karşıya. Bu kısıtlamaları araştırmak için, bu çalışma hayvancılık politikasını etkileyen faktörler araştırıldı. Çad’daki hayvancılık sektöründeki iyileşmenin, Hükümet tarafından halihazırda ele alınan politika kısıtlamalarından etkilendiği varsayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın belirli bir araştırma amacı Çad'da hayvancılık politikasının uygulamadaki zayıf yönlerini ve güçlü yönlerini analiz etmektir; hayvancılık politikası uygulamasını incelemenin yanı sıra. Bu araştırmada kullanılan yöntem hem niteliksel hem de nicelikseldir ve birincil ve ikincil olmak üzere iki veri kaynağına dayanır. Hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasına ilişkin temel veriler, hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasını etkileyen parametreleri belirlemek için hayvancılık ve paydaşlık bakanlığında çalışan kamu görevlilerine yönelik anketler kullanılarak bir anket kullanılarak toplanmıştır.Anket sonuçları, hem nicel hem de nitel analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma, nicel betimsel analizin sonucuna dayandı. İstatistikler, Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik Paketi (SPSS) len analiz sonrası demografik özelliklerin ve çalışma faktörlerinin bir özetini ve açıklamasını verir. Açık uçlu soruların sonucu nitel analizde tartışılmış ve cevaplayıcılardan her birinin en önemli üçünü seçmelerini istemek için ek sorular eklenmiştir. nitel analiz. Analizlerin sonuçları, araştırmanın nitel kısmından gelen yanıtlar, ilgili çalışmaların sonuçları ve araştırma bulgularına genel bir bakış açısı sağlamak için Çad Hayvancılık Dairesi'nden gelen hayvancılık istatistik verileriyle daha da doğrulanmıştır. Ortalama ve frekans dağılımı gibi tanımlayıcı istatistikler de kullanılmıştır.Bu araştırmanın ana bulguları, hayvancılık geliştirme politikasının dört faktörden etkilendiğini göstermiştir: hayvancılık verimlilik sistemleri; ekonomik çevre; kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim; ve insan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi. Çalışmanın sonuçları, hayvancılık üretim sistemindeki faktörler arasında, hayvancılık politikasına etkileri bakımından, geniş üreme sistemleri bulunduğunu; hayvan sağlığı sorunları; ve veteriner eczanesi. Ekonomik ortamda, faktörler mezbaha modernizasyonunun eksikliğidir; hayvan pazarı sistemlerinin modernizasyonunun eksikliği; hayvan ticareti pazarlama sistemlerinin eksikliği; ve önceliklendirme hayvancılık bütçesi eksikliği. Kamu yönetiminde ve yönetişimde tanımlanan faktörler, önceliklendirme yapan hayvancılık politikasının eksikliğidir; uygunsuz proje yönetimi; stratejik yönetim kapasitesi eksikliği; ve kapasite geliştirme yönetiminin eksikliği. İnsan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi ve politikasının yönetiminde, etkileyici faktörler, esas sistem ilkelerinin uygulanmasının eksikliğidir; yöneticilerin değerlendirilmemesi; ve eğitim ve uzatma eksikliği.Öneriler, proje yönetimini geliştirmek için politika oluşturma ve uygulamada yer alan kurumlar arasındaki işbirliğini güçlendirmek amacıyla dört faktör etrafında sunulmuştur; Hayvancılık politikasını, ekonomik perspektifi içeren kapsamlı bir yaklaşım gerektiren karmaşık bir sorun olarak ele almak; Gelişen bir sistem olarak hayvancılık politikası vizyonunu modernize etmek. Bu tavsiyeler, hayvancılık politikasının daha fazla uygulanmasını ilgilendirmekte ve merkezi hükümetin ülke genelinde izlenmesi mümkün olan hayvancılık politikasındaki stratejisine atıfta bulunmaktadır. Ancak, bu önerilerin hepsi çok önemlidir, ancak bazıları kısa, orta ve uzun vadede yapılmalıdır.İÇİNDEKİLERSayfa numarası.TABLO LİSTESİXŞEKİL LİSTESİXIKISALTMA LİSTESİXII1. ÇALIŞMA ARKA PLANI11.1 Giriş 11.2 Araştırma Sorunu Beyanı 41.3 Çalışmanın Amacı 61.4 Araştırma Amaçı 71.5 Araştırma Soruları 71.6 Araştırma Hipotezi 81.7 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodolojisi 81.8 Çalışmanın Önemi 9 1.9 Tez Bölümlerinin Anahatları 92. LITERATÜR TARAMASI, POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 112.1 Giriş 112.2 Politika Tanımları 122.3 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI 142.3.1 Açıklayıcı Modeller 162.3.2 Açıklayıcı Modellerin Uygulanması 162.3.3 Reçeteli Modeller 172.3.3.1 Reçete Modellerinin Uygulanması 182.3.4 Rasyonel Yaklaşım 222.3.5 Politik yaklaşım 242.3.6 Uygulama teorisi: Sistem Modeli 252.3.7 AŞAĞIDAN YUKARIYA VE YUKARIDAN AŞAĞIYA YAKLAŞIMLAR 272.3.7.1 Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşım 282.3.7.2 Aşağıdan Yukarıya Yaklaşım 282.3.7.3 Aşağıdan Yukarıya ve Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşımların Sentezi 292.3.8 BAŞARILI VE BAŞARISIZ UYGULAMA NEDİR?342.4 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE: HAYVANCILIK UYGULAMASININ POLİTİKASI 362.4.1 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASINDAN ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 362.5 HAYVANCILIK POLİTİKASININ UYGULAMASINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 422.5.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemleri 422.5.1.1 Geniş Kapsamlı Islah Sistemi 422.5.1.2 Hayvan Sağlığı Sorunları 432.5.1.3 Veteriner Eczacılığı 432.5.2 Ekonomik Çevre 442.5.2.1 Hayvancılık Pazarlama Sistemleri 442.5.2.2 Hayvancılık Pazar Sistemleri 442.5.2.3 Olumlu Tedbir Eksikliği 452.5.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 452.5.3.1 Politika Yönetimi 452.5.3.2 Kamu Yönetimi 472.5.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme Yönetimi 482.5.4.1 Eğitim ve yazışmalı492.5.4.2 Araştırma Hizmetleri 492.5.5 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanması 502.5.6 Stratejik Planlama için Devlet Koordinasyonu 522.5.7 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Yönelik Tutumları 542.5.8 Hayvancılık Planlama ve Bilgi Hizmetleri Livestock 562.5.8.1 Hayvancılık Teknolojisinin Sağlanması 572.6 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 572.6.1 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ELEMANLARI 582.6.1.1 Politika İçeriği 582.6.1.2 Uygulama İçeriği 592.6.1.3 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Taahhüdü 602.6.1.4 Politika Uygulama Kapasitesi 612.6.1.5 Uygulama İçin Müşterilere ve Koalisyonlara Destek 622.6.2 Kavramsal Çerçeve 652.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 663. ÇAD'IN SOSYO EKONOMİK ORTAMINA GENEL BAKIŞ VE LIVESTOCK POLİTİKA SİSTEMİ 683.1 Giriş 683.2 Ülke Profili 683.2.1 Kolonizasyon ve Bağımsız 693.2.2 Yönetim Seviyesi 703.2.3 Devlet ve Ssiyasi Durum 713.2.4 Doğal Kısıtlamalar 713.3.1 Sosyo-demografik ve Ekonomik Özellikle 723.3.2 Sosyoekonomik Kısıtlamalara Genel Bakış 733.3.3 Siyasi Kısıtlamalar 773.3.4 Çad'da Hayvancılık Sektörü Arka Planı 793.5 PASTORAL KALKINMA BAKANLIĞI ORGANİZASYONU ÇAD VE HAYVAN ÜRETİMİ 813.5.1 Hayvancılıkta Kurumsal Politika Çerçevesi 823.5.2. Hayvancılık Kurumsal Bağlantıları ve Ortaklığı 833.5.3 Hayvancılık Kuruluş Kuruluşları 833.5.4 Özel Sektör Kuruluşları 843.5.5 Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları 853.6 ENDÜSTRİYELLEŞME VE ÜRÜNÜN SINIRLARI İŞLEME 853.6.1 Mezbahaneler ve Kesim Alanları 863.6.2 İşlenmiş Ürün Faaliyetleri 863.6.3 Süt İşleme Üniteleri 883.6.4 Dönüşüm Birimleri 883.6.5 İşlenmiş Ürün Çeşitleri 883.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 894. METODOLOJİ METHODOLOGY 904.1 Giriş 904.2 Çalışmanın amacı 904.3 ARAŞTIRMA TASARIMI VE ANALİTİK MODELİ 914.3.1 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodoloji 914.4 Nüfus 944.5 Örnek 944.6 Anket Aracı 954.7 Veri Toplama 964.7.1 Pilot Testi 964.7.2 Gerçek Anket/ Veri Toplama 974.8 Analiz 974.9 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 985. ÇALIŞMA VERİLERİNİN TOPLANMASI ANALİZİ 995.1 Giriş 995.2 Numunenin Demografik Profili 995.3 Çalışma Faktörleri 1005.3.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörleri 1015.3.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörleri 1025.3.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 1035.3.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Yönetimi 1045.3.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1065.3.5.1 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanmasının Güçlü ve Zayıf Noktaları 1065.3.5.2 Hayvancılık Stratejik Planlaması için Devlet Koordinasyonunda Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1075.3.5.3 Uygulayıcıların Hayvancılık Politikasına Karşı Tutumlarında Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1085.4 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 1096. BULGULARIN TARTIŞMASI, ÇALIŞMA ÖZETİ, SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 1106.1 Giriş 1106.2 Bulguların Özeti 1106.2.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörü 1106.2.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörü 1116.2.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim Faktörü 1116.2.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Faktörü Yönetimi 1116.2.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1126.3 Bulguların Tartışılması 1146.3.1 Hayvancılık verimlilik sistemi faktörleri ile ilişkileri ve geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni 1146.3.2 Ekonomik çevre faktörleri ile geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 1156.3.3 Kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim ve gelişmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 1186.3.4 İnsan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi ile iyileştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 1206.3.5 Araştırma Sorusuna Cevap 1226.4 Öğütleme1436.5 Sonuç 161 Kaynakça 162 Ekler 173 Anket 190
Livestock is an important economic component of Chad as a developing country. It shares in overall country’s GDP after the oil sector. In spite of its importance, this sector is facing a number of constraints. In order to explore those constraints, this study was investigated the factors that impact the livestock policy. It is hypothesized that the improvement of the livestock sector in Chad is affected by the policy constraints, already being addressed by the Government. A specified research objective of this study is to analyse the weaknesses and the strengths of livestock policy implementation in Chad; as well as to examine livestock policy implementation. The method used in this research both qualitative and quantitative and is based on two sources of data, primary and secondary. The primary data on the implementation of livestock policy were collected by using a survey through the questionnaires addressed to the public officers working at the Ministry of livestock and stakeholders to identify the parameters influencing the implementation of livestock policy. The survey results were analysed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods of analyses. The study relied on the result of the quantitative descriptive analysis. The statistics give a summary and description of the demographic aspects and the study factors after analysis run with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme. The result of open-ended questions was discussed in qualitative analysis and additional questions were added to ask the respondents to select the most significant top three in each part of the three statement-questions each has five strong points and five weak points also were discussed in qualitative analysis. The results of the analyses were further substantiated by the responses from the qualitative part of the survey, by the results of related studies, and by livestock statistical data from the Department of the livestock of Chad to provide a general perspective on the research findings. Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency distribution were also utilized.The main findings of this research showed that livestock development policy is influenced by four factors: livestock productivity systems; economic environment; public administration and Governance; and management of human resources development policy. The results of the study revealed that among the livestock production system factors in terms of their impact on livestock policy, there are extensive breeding systems; animal health issues; and veterinary pharmacy. In the economic environment, factors are lack of modernization of slaughterhouse; lack of modernization of livestock market systems; lack of livestock trade marketing systems; and lack of livestock budget prioritizing. In public administration and governance identified factors are lack of livestock policy prioritizing; inappropriate project management; lack of strategic management capacity; and lack of administration of the capacity building. And in management of human resources development and policy, the influencing factors are lack of application of the merit system principles; lack of evaluation of administrators; and lack of training and extension. The recommendations are presented around four factors, to improve project management strengthen the collaboration among the agencies involved in policy making and implementation; to address livestock policy as a complex problem which needs a comprehensive approach embracing economic perspective; to modernize vision of livestock policy as an evolving system. These recommendations concern the further implementation of livestock policy and refer to the strategy of the central government in livestock policy that could be pursued across the country. However, all of these recommendations are so important but some of them to be done in short, medium and long term.TABLE OF CONTENTSPage No.LIST OF TABLESXLIST OF FIGURESXILIST OF ABBREVIATIONXII1.STUDY BACKGROUND11.1 Introduction11.2 Statement of Research Problem41.3 Purpose of the Study61.4 Research Objective71.5 Research Questions71.6 Research Hypothesis81.7 Research Design and Methodology81.8 Significance of the Study 9 1.9 Outline of Thesis Chapters 92. LITERATURE REVIEW, POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 112.1 Introduction112.2 Policy Definitions122.3 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION142.3.1 Descriptive Models162.3.2 Implication of Descriptive Models162.3.3 Prescriptive Models172.3.3.1 Implication of Prescriptive Models 182.3.4 Rational Approach222.3.5 Political approach242.3.6 Implementation theory: System Model252.3.7 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES272.3.7.1 Top Down Approach282.3.7.2 Bottom Up Approach282.3.7.3 Synthesis of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches292.3.8 WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED IMPLEMENTATION?342.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY362.4.1 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION362.5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY422.5.1 Livestock Productivity Systems422.5.1.1 Extensive Breedıng System422.5.1.2 Animal Health Issues432.5.1.3 Veterinary Pharmacy432.5.2 Economic Environment442.5.2.1 Livestock Marketing Systems442.5.2.2 Livestock Market Systems 442.5.2.3 Lack of Positive Measures452.5.3 Public Administration and Governance452.5.3.1 Policy Administration452.5.3.2 Public Governance472.5.4 Management of Human Resources Development482.5.4.1 Training and Extension492.5.4.2 Research Services492.5.5 Implementation of Livestock Development Plans502.5.6 Government Coordination for Strategic Planning522.5.7 Attitudes of Implementers Towards the Policy542.5.8 Livestock Planning and Information Services562.5.8.1 Provision of Livestock Technology572.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK572.6.1 ELEMENTS OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK582.6.1.1 Policy Content582.6.1.2 Context of Implementation592.6.1.3 Commitment of Implementers to the Policy602.6.1.4 Capacity to Implement Policy612.6.1.5 Support of Clients and Coalitions for Implementation622.6.2 Conceptual Framework652.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION663. OVERVIEW OF SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF CHAD AND LIVESTOCK POLICY SYSTEM 683.1 Introduction683.2 Country Profile683.2.1 Colonization and Independent693.2.2 Administration level703.2.3 Government and political situation713.2.4 Natural Constraints713.3.1 Socio-demographic and Economic Characteristics723.3.2 Overview of Socioeconomic Constraints 733.3.3 Political Constraints773.3.4 Livestock Sector Background in Chad793.5 ORGANISATION OF MINISTRY OF PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION OF CHAD 813.5.1 Institutional Policy Framework of Livestock823.5.2. Livestock Institutional Linkages and Partnership833.5.3 Livestock Associative Institutions833.5.4 Private Sector Institutions843.5.5 Non-Governmental Organisations853.6 CONSTRAINTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION AND PRODUCT PROCESSING853.6.1 Slaughterhouses and Slaughter Areas863.6.2 Processed Product Activities863.6.3 Milk Processing Units883.6.4 Transformation Units883.6.5 Processed Product Varieties883.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION894. METHODOLOGY 904.1 Introduction904.2 Purpose of the study904.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYTICAL MODEL914.3.1 Research Design and Methodology914.4 Population944.5 Sample944.6 Survey Instrument954.7 Data Collection964.7.1 Pilot Test964.7.2 Actual Survey/ Data Collection974.8 Analysis974.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION985. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTION OF THE STUDY 995.1 Introduction995.2 The Demographic Profile of Sample995.3 Study Factors1005.3.1 Livestock Productivity System Factors1015.3.2 Economic Environment Factors1025.3.3 Public Administration and Governance1035.3.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy1045.3.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points1065.3.5.1 Strong and weak points of Implementation of Livestock Development Plans1065.3.5.2 Strong Points and Weak point in Government Coordination for Livestock Strategic Planning1075.3.5.3 Strong Points and Weak point in Attitudes of implementers toward the Livestock policy1085.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION1096. DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS, SUMMARY OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1106.1 Introduction1106.2 Summary of Findings1106.2.1 Livestock Productivity System Factor1106.2.2 Economic Environment Factor1116.2.3 Public Administration and Governance Factor1116.2.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy Factor1116.2.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points1126.3 Discussion of Findings1146.3.1 Relationship between livestock productivity system factors and the three components of improved implementation services1146.3.2 Relationship between economic environment factors and the three components of improved implementation services1156.3.3 Relationship between public administration and governance and the three components of improved implementation services1186.3.4 Relationship between management of human resources development policy and the three components of improved implementation services1206.3.5 Answer to Research Question1226.4 Recommendation 1436.5 Conclusion 161 Bibliography162 Appendices173 Questionnaires190
Livestock is an important economic component of Chad as a developing country. It shares in overall country’s GDP after the oil sector. In spite of its importance, this sector is facing a number of constraints. In order to explore those constraints, this study was investigated the factors that impact the livestock policy. It is hypothesized that the improvement of the livestock sector in Chad is affected by the policy constraints, already being addressed by the Government. A specified research objective of this study is to analyse the weaknesses and the strengths of livestock policy implementation in Chad; as well as to examine livestock policy implementation. The method used in this research both qualitative and quantitative and is based on two sources of data, primary and secondary. The primary data on the implementation of livestock policy were collected by using a survey through the questionnaires addressed to the public officers working at the Ministry of livestock and stakeholders to identify the parameters influencing the implementation of livestock policy. The survey results were analysed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods of analyses. The study relied on the result of the quantitative descriptive analysis. The statistics give a summary and description of the demographic aspects and the study factors after analysis run with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme. The result of open-ended questions was discussed in qualitative analysis and additional questions were added to ask the respondents to select the most significant top three in each part of the three statement-questions each has five strong points and five weak points also were discussed in qualitative analysis. The results of the analyses were further substantiated by the responses from the qualitative part of the survey, by the results of related studies, and by livestock statistical data from the Department of the livestock of Chad to provide a general perspective on the research findings. Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency distribution were also utilized.The main findings of this research showed that livestock development policy is influenced by four factors: livestock productivity systems; economic environment; public administration and Governance; and management of human resources development policy. The results of the study revealed that among the livestock production system factors in terms of their impact on livestock policy, there are extensive breeding systems; animal health issues; and veterinary pharmacy. In the economic environment, factors are lack of modernization of slaughterhouse; lack of modernization of livestock market systems; lack of livestock trade marketing systems; and lack of livestock budget prioritizing. In public administration and governance identified factors are lack of livestock policy prioritizing; inappropriate project management; lack of strategic management capacity; and lack of administration of the capacity building. And in management of human resources development and policy, the influencing factors are lack of application of the merit system principles; lack of evaluation of administrators; and lack of training and extension. The recommendations are presented around four factors, to improve project management strengthen the collaboration among the agencies involved in policy making and implementation; to address livestock policy as a complex problem which needs a comprehensive approach embracing economic perspective; to modernize vision of livestock policy as an evolving system. These recommendations concern the further implementation of livestock policy and refer to the strategy of the central government in livestock policy that could be pursued across the country. However, all of these recommendations are so important but some of them to be done in short, medium and long term.TABLE OF CONTENTSPage No.LIST OF TABLESXLIST OF FIGURESXILIST OF ABBREVIATIONXII1.STUDY BACKGROUND11.1 Introduction11.2 Statement of Research Problem41.3 Purpose of the Study61.4 Research Objective71.5 Research Questions71.6 Research Hypothesis81.7 Research Design and Methodology81.8 Significance of the Study 9 1.9 Outline of Thesis Chapters 92. LITERATURE REVIEW, POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 112.1 Introduction112.2 Policy Definitions122.3 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION142.3.1 Descriptive Models162.3.2 Implication of Descriptive Models162.3.3 Prescriptive Models172.3.3.1 Implication of Prescriptive Models 182.3.4 Rational Approach222.3.5 Political approach242.3.6 Implementation theory: System Model252.3.7 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES272.3.7.1 Top Down Approach282.3.7.2 Bottom Up Approach282.3.7.3 Synthesis of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches292.3.8 WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED IMPLEMENTATION?342.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY362.4.1 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION362.5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY422.5.1 Livestock Productivity Systems422.5.1.1 Extensive Breedıng System422.5.1.2 Animal Health Issues432.5.1.3 Veterinary Pharmacy432.5.2 Economic Environment442.5.2.1 Livestock Marketing Systems442.5.2.2 Livestock Market Systems 442.5.2.3 Lack of Positive Measures452.5.3 Public Administration and Governance452.5.3.1 Policy Administration452.5.3.2 Public Governance472.5.4 Management of Human Resources Development482.5.4.1 Training and Extension492.5.4.2 Research Services492.5.5 Implementation of Livestock Development Plans502.5.6 Government Coordination for Strategic Planning522.5.7 Attitudes of Implementers Towards the Policy542.5.8 Livestock Planning and Information Services562.5.8.1 Provision of Livestock Technology572.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK572.6.1 ELEMENTS OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK582.6.1.1 Policy Content582.6.1.2 Context of Implementation592.6.1.3 Commitment of Implementers to the Policy602.6.1.4 Capacity to Implement Policy612.6.1.5 Support of Clients and Coalitions for Implementation622.6.2 Conceptual Framework652.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION663. OVERVIEW OF SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF CHAD AND LIVESTOCK POLICY SYSTEM 683.1 Introduction683.2 Country Profile683.2.1 Colonization and Independent693.2.2 Administration level703.2.3 Government and political situation713.2.4 Natural Constraints713.3.1 Socio-demographic and Economic Characteristics723.3.2 Overview of Socioeconomic Constraints 733.3.3 Political Constraints773.3.4 Livestock Sector Background in Chad793.5 ORGANISATION OF MINISTRY OF PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION OF CHAD 813.5.1 Institutional Policy Framework of Livestock823.5.2. Livestock Institutional Linkages and Partnership833.5.3 Livestock Associative Institutions833.5.4 Private Sector Institutions843.5.5 Non-Governmental Organisations853.6 CONSTRAINTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION AND PRODUCT PROCESSING853.6.1 Slaughterhouses and Slaughter Areas863.6.2 Processed Product Activities863.6.3 Milk Processing Units883.6.4 Transformation Units883.6.5 Processed Product Varieties883.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION894. METHODOLOGY 904.1 Introduction904.2 Purpose of the study904.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYTICAL MODEL914.3.1 Research Design and Methodology914.4 Population944.5 Sample944.6 Survey Instrument954.7 Data Collection964.7.1 Pilot Test964.7.2 Actual Survey/ Data Collection974.8 Analysis974.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION985. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTION OF THE STUDY 995.1 Introduction995.2 The Demographic Profile of Sample995.3 Study Factors1005.3.1 Livestock Productivity System Factors1015.3.2 Economic Environment Factors1025.3.3 Public Administration and Governance1035.3.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy1045.3.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points1065.3.5.1 Strong and weak points of Implementation of Livestock Development Plans1065.3.5.2 Strong Points and Weak point in Government Coordination for Livestock Strategic Planning1075.3.5.3 Strong Points and Weak point in Attitudes of implementers toward the Livestock policy1085.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION1096. DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS, SUMMARY OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1106.1 Introduction1106.2 Summary of Findings1106.2.1 Livestock Productivity System Factor1106.2.2 Economic Environment Factor1116.2.3 Public Administration and Governance Factor1116.2.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy Factor1116.2.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points1126.3 Discussion of Findings1146.3.1 Relationship between livestock productivity system factors and the three components of improved implementation services1146.3.2 Relationship between economic environment factors and the three components of improved implementation services1156.3.3 Relationship between public administration and governance and the three components of improved implementation services1186.3.4 Relationship between management of human resources development policy and the three components of improved implementation services1206.3.5 Answer to Research Question1226.4 Recommendation 1436.5 Conclusion 161 Bibliography162 Appendices173 Questionnaires190