Publication: Fahreddin er-Râzî düşüncesinde bilinç
Abstract
Fahreddin er-Râzî, İslâm düşünce geleneğinin müteahhirûn dönemi düşüncesinin karekteristik özelliklerinin şekillenmesinde belirleyici bir rol oynamıştır. Râzî’nin bilinç, öz bilinç ve “ben” kavramlarına dair görüşleri ve bu kavramlar arasında kurduğu izâfet temelli ilişki, onun sahip olduğu bu rolü görebileceğimiz merkezî problemlerden birisidir. Râzî, özellikle epistemoloji, psikoloji ve metafizik alanlarının kesiştiği çok yönlü bir problem olarak bilinç hakkında İbn Sînâ ve kelâmcılara yönelttiği derinlikli eleştirilerle birlikte özgün fikirler üretmiştir. Bilinç, idrak ve bilginin hakikatini açıklamak üzere geliştirilen taalluk sahibi hakiki sıfat, cehaletin yokluğu, soyutlama ve suretin husûlü olduğu yönündeki görüşleri reddetmiş ve bu kavramları bilinç temelinde birleştirerek özne ile nesne arasında doğrudan gerçekleşen izâfî hâlin kendisi olarak tanımlamıştır. Bu izâfî hâli, felsefe ve kelâmı sentezlediği ilk dönem eserlerinde zihinde ya da dış dünyada hazır bulunan suretle şartlandırırken; sonrasında tasavvurların oluşumu ve suretlerin ayrışmış bulunması problemlerine yönelik yaklaşımıyla birlikte bu şartı geçersiz kılarak bilincin, yalnızca izâfî hâlin kendisinden ibaret olduğu yönünde karar kılmıştır. Özne ile nesne arasındaki dolaysız ilişki olan izâfî hâli ise özne tarafından apaçık ve en iyi bilinen şey olduğu gerekçesiyle tanımlanamaz bir hakikat olarak işaretlemiştir. Özel bir bilinç hâli olarak öznenin kendisine ve dış dünyaya yönelmesiyle ortaya çıkan öz bilinci, aracısızlık, önceliklilik ve süreklilik özellikleriyle nitelemiştir. Öz bilincin sürekliliğini birinci şahıs perspektifinin kaçınılmazlığı ve değişmeyen ben idraki boyutlarıyla değerlendirerek insanî nefsin öz bilinci için “ben bilinci” ve “benlik bilinci” şeklinde kavramsallaştırabileceğimiz iki düzey tanımlamıştır. Ben bilincinin hayvanî nefsin de ortak olduğu bir öz bilinç hâli olduğunu, benlik bilincinin ise kesin olarak tespit edilememekle birlikte insanî nefse özgü olduğunu düşünmüştür. Ben bilincini, “ben” sözü ile işaret edilen hakikatin varlık yapısından bağımsız olarak açıklayıp temellendirirken benlik bilincinin ister cisim ister soyut olsun ancak değişmeyen bir varlık yapısında ortaya çıkabileceğini öne sürmüştür. “Ben” sözüyle işaret edilen hakikatin ne olduğuna dair görüşü cisimlikten soyutluğa doğru bir değişim göstermiştir. İlk dönem eserlerinde cisimlik görüşü kapsamında “bu bünye” ve “aslî parçalar” görüşünü benimsemişken; öz bilinç hâlleri ve öznenin dolaysız birliği üzerine yaptığı sorgulamalar sonucunda nihaî olarak “soyut cevher” görüşünü kabul etmiştir. Ayrıca latif cisim görüşünü diriliş ve nefs-beden ilişkileri gibi meseleler bağlamında açıklayıcı bir çerçeve olarak kullanmıştır.
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī played a decisive role in shaping the characteristic features of the later period of Islamic thought (mutaʾakhkhirūn). His perspective on the nature of consciousness and the relationship he established between this reality and the concepts of self-consciousness and the self constitutes one of the central problems through which this role can be observed. Rāzī formulated original ideas regarding consciousness as a multifaceted issue that intersects epistemology, psychology, and metaphysics, while also offering profound critiques of Ibn Sīnā and the theologians (mutakallimūn). He rejected the prevailing views that sought to explain consciousness, perception, and the reality of knowledge in terms of an actual attribute with relational attachment, the absence of ignorance, abstraction, and the acquisition of the form (ṣūrah). Instead, he unified these concepts under the foundation of consciousness and defined it as the very relative state (iḍāfī ḥāl) that directly occurs between the subject and the object. In his early works, where he synthesized philosophy and kalām, he conditioned this relational state upon the presence of a form either in the mind or the external world. However, with his evolving approach to the formation of conceptions and the separation of forms, he eventually dismissed this condition, concluding that consciousness consists solely of the relational state itself. He identified this relative state, which establishes the direct connection between the subject and the object, as an indefinable reality, since it is the most evident and best-known aspect for the subject. He characterized self-consciousness (öz bilinç), which emerges as the subject’s orientation toward itself and the external world, with the attributes of immediacy, precedence, and continuity. He evaluated the continuity of self-consciousness through the inescapability of the first-person perspective and the unchanging perception of the self, thereby defining two levels of human self-consciousness that can be conceptualized as “consciousness of the I (ben bilinci)” and “consciousness of the permanent self (benlik bilinci)”. He considered consciousness of the I as a state of self-consciousness shared by the animal soul, whereas consciousness of the permanent self, though not definitively determinable, was unique to the human soul. While he explained and justified consciousness of the I as independent of the ontological structure of the reality indicated by the term “I”, he argued that consciousness of the permanent self could only arise within an unchanging ontological structure, whether corporeal or immaterial. Rāzī’s perspective on the reality of the self underwent a transformation from corporeality to immateriality. In his early works, he adopted the view of “the body frame itself (hādhā al-badan)” and the view of “the fundamental parts in the frame of the human body (ajzāʾ aṣliyya fī badan al-insān)”, but ultimately, as a consequence of his inquiries into the states of self-consciousness and the subject’s immediate unity, he embraced the doctrine of the “immaterial substance (jawhar mujarrad)”. Additionally, he employed the notion of the “subtle body (jism laṭīf)” as an explanatory framework concerning matters such as resurrection and the soul-body relationship.
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī played a decisive role in shaping the characteristic features of the later period of Islamic thought (mutaʾakhkhirūn). His perspective on the nature of consciousness and the relationship he established between this reality and the concepts of self-consciousness and the self constitutes one of the central problems through which this role can be observed. Rāzī formulated original ideas regarding consciousness as a multifaceted issue that intersects epistemology, psychology, and metaphysics, while also offering profound critiques of Ibn Sīnā and the theologians (mutakallimūn). He rejected the prevailing views that sought to explain consciousness, perception, and the reality of knowledge in terms of an actual attribute with relational attachment, the absence of ignorance, abstraction, and the acquisition of the form (ṣūrah). Instead, he unified these concepts under the foundation of consciousness and defined it as the very relative state (iḍāfī ḥāl) that directly occurs between the subject and the object. In his early works, where he synthesized philosophy and kalām, he conditioned this relational state upon the presence of a form either in the mind or the external world. However, with his evolving approach to the formation of conceptions and the separation of forms, he eventually dismissed this condition, concluding that consciousness consists solely of the relational state itself. He identified this relative state, which establishes the direct connection between the subject and the object, as an indefinable reality, since it is the most evident and best-known aspect for the subject. He characterized self-consciousness (öz bilinç), which emerges as the subject’s orientation toward itself and the external world, with the attributes of immediacy, precedence, and continuity. He evaluated the continuity of self-consciousness through the inescapability of the first-person perspective and the unchanging perception of the self, thereby defining two levels of human self-consciousness that can be conceptualized as “consciousness of the I (ben bilinci)” and “consciousness of the permanent self (benlik bilinci)”. He considered consciousness of the I as a state of self-consciousness shared by the animal soul, whereas consciousness of the permanent self, though not definitively determinable, was unique to the human soul. While he explained and justified consciousness of the I as independent of the ontological structure of the reality indicated by the term “I”, he argued that consciousness of the permanent self could only arise within an unchanging ontological structure, whether corporeal or immaterial. Rāzī’s perspective on the reality of the self underwent a transformation from corporeality to immateriality. In his early works, he adopted the view of “the body frame itself (hādhā al-badan)” and the view of “the fundamental parts in the frame of the human body (ajzāʾ aṣliyya fī badan al-insān)”, but ultimately, as a consequence of his inquiries into the states of self-consciousness and the subject’s immediate unity, he embraced the doctrine of the “immaterial substance (jawhar mujarrad)”. Additionally, he employed the notion of the “subtle body (jism laṭīf)” as an explanatory framework concerning matters such as resurrection and the soul-body relationship.
Description
Keywords
ben, bilinç, Biography, cisimlik, consciousness, corporeality, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Fahreddin er-Razi, 1150-1210, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi, Muhammad b. Umar, 1150-1210, Ibn Sīnā, Islamic philosophy, İbn Sînâ, immateriality, İslam felsefesi, izâfî hâl, nefs, öz bilinç, relative state, self-consciousness, soul, soyutluk
