Publication: Banka teminat mektuplarında ilgililerin hak ve borçları
Abstract
Banka teminat mektupları uygulamada ortaya çıkmıştır ve pozitif bir düzenlemesi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak uygulamada çokça tercih edilmekte ve kullanılmaktadır. Bugün kullanılan banka teminat mektuplarının tamamına yakınının hukuki niteliği garanti sözleşmesidir. Tezimizde, hukuki nitelik hakkındaki görüşler incelenmiş, ardından garanti sözleşmesi çerçevesinde banka teminat mektuplarının unsurları, benzer hukuki kavramlardan farkı, tarafları, geçerlilik koşulları, sözleşmenin kuruluşu ve çeşitleri incelenmiştir. Banka teminat mektubunun, garanti veren banka ve muhatap olmak üzere iki tarafı bulunmaktadır ve tek tarafa borç yükleyen bir sözleşmedir. Banka teminat mektubu nedeni ile ilişki içerisinde bulunanlar ise lehdar, banka ve muhataptır. Banka, teminat mektubunu, müşterisi olan lehdarın talimatı ile düzenleyerek muhataba vermektedir. Lehdarın bankadan muhataba teminat mektubu verilmesini istemesinin nedeni ise muhatap ile arasındaki temel ilişkidir. Bu çerçevede banka teminat mektubu ve bankanın ödeme yükümlülüğü hukuken banka ve lehdar arasındaki karşılık ilişkisinden ve lehdar ile muhatap arasındaki temel ilişkiden bağımsız ancak onlarla irtibatlıdır. Banka teminat mektuplarında ilgililerin hak ve borçlarının tespitinde banka teminat mektubunu ilgilendirdiği oranda karşılık ilişkisi ve temel ilişki de göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Bu çerçevede bankanın lehdara karşı karşılık ilişkisi nedeni ile borçları, bankanın muhataba karşı garanti sözleşmesi nedeni ile borçları, lehdarın bankaya karşı karşılık ilişkisi nedeni ile borçları ve son olarak tüm bu ilişkilerin etkisi de irdelenerek ilgililerin hakları incelenmiştir.
Bank letter of guarantee comes into existence in practice and no legal arrangement exists. Nevertheless, it is mostly preferred and used in practice. Legal character of most of bank letter of guarantee nowadays is guarantee agreement. In this thesis, opinions are investigated about legal character, then components of bank letter of guarantee, differences in similar legal consepts, parties, validity conditions, establishment of agreement and varieties are analyzed within the context of guarantee agreement. Bank letter of guarantee has two parties, guarantor bank and addressee, and is an unilateral contract agreement. Beneficiary, bank and addressee have relationship because of bank letter of guarantee. Bank gives the bank letter of guarantee to addressee under instructions of beneficiary who is costumer of bank. As there is an underliying relationship between beneficiary and addressee, beneficiary requests bank letter of guarantee for addressee from the bank. In this context, bank letter of guarantee and payment obligation of the bank are legally independent from the relationship between the bank and beficiary and the underliying relationship between beneficiary and addressee but it is related. In the identification of rights and obligations of the persons concerned, underlying relationship and relationship between bank and beneficiary are taken in to account in a proportion which concerns the bank letter of guarantee. On this context, obligations of bank to the beneficiary due to relationship between bank and beneficiary, obligations of bank to the addressee due to the guarantee agreement, obligations of beneficiary to the bank due to relationship between bank and beneficiary, and finally, the effects of all mentioned relations are examined to analyze the rights of the persons concerned.
Bank letter of guarantee comes into existence in practice and no legal arrangement exists. Nevertheless, it is mostly preferred and used in practice. Legal character of most of bank letter of guarantee nowadays is guarantee agreement. In this thesis, opinions are investigated about legal character, then components of bank letter of guarantee, differences in similar legal consepts, parties, validity conditions, establishment of agreement and varieties are analyzed within the context of guarantee agreement. Bank letter of guarantee has two parties, guarantor bank and addressee, and is an unilateral contract agreement. Beneficiary, bank and addressee have relationship because of bank letter of guarantee. Bank gives the bank letter of guarantee to addressee under instructions of beneficiary who is costumer of bank. As there is an underliying relationship between beneficiary and addressee, beneficiary requests bank letter of guarantee for addressee from the bank. In this context, bank letter of guarantee and payment obligation of the bank are legally independent from the relationship between the bank and beficiary and the underliying relationship between beneficiary and addressee but it is related. In the identification of rights and obligations of the persons concerned, underlying relationship and relationship between bank and beneficiary are taken in to account in a proportion which concerns the bank letter of guarantee. On this context, obligations of bank to the beneficiary due to relationship between bank and beneficiary, obligations of bank to the addressee due to the guarantee agreement, obligations of beneficiary to the bank due to relationship between bank and beneficiary, and finally, the effects of all mentioned relations are examined to analyze the rights of the persons concerned.
