Publication: Uluslararası futbolcu göçleri ve ekonomik etkileri
Abstract
Yirminci yüzyılın son çeyreğinde futbolun ekonomik küreselleşmesi hızlanmıştır. Futbolun neoliberal dönemi olarak adlandırılabilecek bu süreçte futbolun ticari yönü artmış, televizyon yayın haklarının etkisiyle futbol ekonomisi büyümüş, uluslararası yatırımlar artmış ve kulüpler birer markaya dönüşmüştür. Bu neoliberal dönemin en önemli unsurlarından biri de uluslararası emek hareketliliğinin önündeki engellerin kaldırılması olmuştur. Bosman Kararları başta olmak üzere bu engellerin kaldırılması neoliberal küreselleşme sürecinde nitelikli emeğin hareketliliğini tartışılır hale getirmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki amaç da neoliberal dönemde futbol ekonomisinde yaşanan değişimi açıklamak, emek piyasasındaki serbestleşmenin uluslararası futbolcu hareketliliğini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymak ve serbestleşme sonrası rekabetçi dengenin nasıl değiştiğini ölçmektir. Futbolcu hareketliliğindeki değişimi anlamak için erkek milli takım kadroları incelenirken, rekabetçi dengeyi ölçmek için kulüp seviyesindeki uluslararası organizasyonlardaki sonuçlar derlenmiş ve üç farklı rekabetçi denge uygulaması kullanılmıştır. Verilere göre, futbolda nitelikli emek hareketliliğinin uluslararası düzeyde oldukça akışkan olduğunu ve nitelikli emeğin Avrupa’nın beş büyük ligi olan İngiltere, İspanya, Almanya, İtalya ve Fransa’ da yoğunlaştığını söylemek mümkündür. Benzer biçimde, serbestleşme sonrası rekabetçi dengenin birkaç lig lehine çok belirgin biçimde değiştiği görülmektedir. Hem nitelikli emeğin birkaç ligde toplanması hem de rekabetçi dengenin birkaç lig lehine değişmesi ise neoliberal küreselleşme ve tekelleşme ilişkisini futbol ekonomisinde de tartışma konusu haline getirmektedir.
The economic globalization football has accelerated in the last quarter of the twentieth century. In this period, which can be called neoliberal era of football, the commercial aspect of football has increased, football economy has grown with the effect of television broadcasting rights, international investments have increased and clubs have become a brand. One of the most important elements of this neoliberal era has been the removal of barriers to international labour mobility. The removal of these barriers, especially Bosman Rules, made the mobility of elite players questionable in the process of neoliberal globalization. The aim of this study is to explain the change in football economy in neoliberal era, to determine how liberalization in the labour market effects international football mobility and to measure how competitive balance changes after liberalization. While analyzing the men national team squads in order to understand the change in football mobility, the results in international tournements at club level were compiled to measure competitive balance and three different competitive balance practices were used. According to the data, it is possible to say that the elite labour mobility in football is quite fluid at the international level, and that elite labour is concentrated in Europe, the Big-5 leagues, England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France. Similarly, it seems that after liberalization, competitive balance has changed significantly in favor of Big-5 leagues. This concentration has made monopolization in neoliberal era subject of debate in the football economy.
The economic globalization football has accelerated in the last quarter of the twentieth century. In this period, which can be called neoliberal era of football, the commercial aspect of football has increased, football economy has grown with the effect of television broadcasting rights, international investments have increased and clubs have become a brand. One of the most important elements of this neoliberal era has been the removal of barriers to international labour mobility. The removal of these barriers, especially Bosman Rules, made the mobility of elite players questionable in the process of neoliberal globalization. The aim of this study is to explain the change in football economy in neoliberal era, to determine how liberalization in the labour market effects international football mobility and to measure how competitive balance changes after liberalization. While analyzing the men national team squads in order to understand the change in football mobility, the results in international tournements at club level were compiled to measure competitive balance and three different competitive balance practices were used. According to the data, it is possible to say that the elite labour mobility in football is quite fluid at the international level, and that elite labour is concentrated in Europe, the Big-5 leagues, England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France. Similarly, it seems that after liberalization, competitive balance has changed significantly in favor of Big-5 leagues. This concentration has made monopolization in neoliberal era subject of debate in the football economy.