Publication: Primary catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome in an 8 year-old- girl
Abstract
Antifosfolipid antikor sendromu (AFAS) tekrarlayan venöz ve arteriyel trombozlarla seyreden bir hastalıktır. Hastaların %1'inden azında görülen hızlı seyirli, çoklu trombozlara bağlı multiorgan yetmezlik tablosu katastrofik antifosfolipid antikor sendromu (KAFAS) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Burada eritematöz cilt lezyonlarıyla başvuran, takibinde alt ekstremitelerde yaygın purpura fulminans gelişen 8 yaşında kız çocuk sunulmaktadır. Hastada cilt tutulumuna ek olarak izlemde proteinüri, mikroanjiyopatik hemolitik anemiye eşlik eden trombositopeni gelişmesi ve cilt biyopsilerinde arteryel ve venöz trombozlar gösterilmesi nedeniyle KAFAS geliştiği düşünüldü. Hastaya yoğun bakım desteği ve geniş spektrumlu antimikrobiyal tedavilerin yanısıra antikoagulan, antiagregan, steroid, intravenöz immünoglobulin tedavileri uygulandı. Bu aşamada hastada lupus antikoagulan, anti beta-2 glikoprotein ve antifosfolipid IgG pozitifliği saptanması üzerine AFAS tanısı doğrulandı. Ancak etiyolojiye yönelik araştırmalarda trombotik riski düşük MTHFR-A1298C, MTHFR-C677T, faktör V H1299R, beta fibrinojen-455 G>A mutasyonlarının heterozigot pozitifliği dışında romatolojik, enfeksiyöz ve malign nedenler saptanmadı. Aile öyküsünde; ablada Raynaud fenomeni, halada benzer cilt lezyonları, babaannede intersitisyel akciğer hastalığı ve proteinüri olmasının yanında baba ve iki ablada lupus antikoagulan pozitifliği saptandı. Yaygın cilt nekrozuna yönelik debridman, greftleme ve lokal mezankimal kök hücre tedavisinin yanısıra azatioprin tedavileri de uygulanan hastada cilt bulgularında belirgin düzelme gözlendi.
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a disease characterized by recurrent arterial and venous thromboses. Rapidly progressive multiple thromboses leading to multiorgan failure occur in less than 1% of patients and named as catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). We, hereby, describe an 8 year-old-girl with erythematous skin lesions progressing into purpura fulminans. The patient developed CAPS with the findings including proteinuria, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, arterial and venous thromboses demonstrated on skin biopsies. She was admitted to intensive care unit and received empirical antibiotics, anticoagulants, antiaggregants, steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. The diagnosis of APS was confirmed by positive lupus anticoagulants, elevated anti beta-2 glycoprotein IgG and antiphospholipid IgG titers. Moreover, other than MTHFRA1298C, MTHFR-C677T, factor V H1299R, beta fibrinogen-455 G>A heterozygosity indicating low risk for thrombophilia, no infectious, rheumatological or malignant etiologies were identified. Family history revealed Raynaud's phenomenon in a sister, similar skin lesions in the paternal aunt, interstitial lung disease, proteinuria and hematuria in paternal grandmother in addition to lupus anticoagulant positivity in the father and 2 elder sisters. Her treatment included debridement of necrotic skin tissue, grefting and local mesenchymal stem cell application to upper thigh and lower leg region following oral azathioprine administration.
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a disease characterized by recurrent arterial and venous thromboses. Rapidly progressive multiple thromboses leading to multiorgan failure occur in less than 1% of patients and named as catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). We, hereby, describe an 8 year-old-girl with erythematous skin lesions progressing into purpura fulminans. The patient developed CAPS with the findings including proteinuria, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, arterial and venous thromboses demonstrated on skin biopsies. She was admitted to intensive care unit and received empirical antibiotics, anticoagulants, antiaggregants, steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. The diagnosis of APS was confirmed by positive lupus anticoagulants, elevated anti beta-2 glycoprotein IgG and antiphospholipid IgG titers. Moreover, other than MTHFRA1298C, MTHFR-C677T, factor V H1299R, beta fibrinogen-455 G>A heterozygosity indicating low risk for thrombophilia, no infectious, rheumatological or malignant etiologies were identified. Family history revealed Raynaud's phenomenon in a sister, similar skin lesions in the paternal aunt, interstitial lung disease, proteinuria and hematuria in paternal grandmother in addition to lupus anticoagulant positivity in the father and 2 elder sisters. Her treatment included debridement of necrotic skin tissue, grefting and local mesenchymal stem cell application to upper thigh and lower leg region following oral azathioprine administration.