Publication: 20. yüzyıl’da heykelde kadın figürünün değişimi
Abstract
Heykel zaman içinde toplumlarda farklı anlamlar ve işlevler yüklenmiştir. Toplumların ihtiyaçlarının ve inançlarının ifadesi olarak ortaya çıkan heykel sanatında, kadın figürünün taşıdığı anlamlar ve zaman içerisinde kadın figürünün değişimi ve kullanımı farklı haller almıştır. Kimi zaman çıplaklığı kalın, dökümlü kumaşlarla perdelenirken, kimi zaman göğüsleri, kalçaları abartılmış bir forma dönüşür. Rönesans’la birlikte başlayan büyük değişim hızla devam eder. Kimi zaman klasik anlamda figüratif heykelin yeniden canlanışına şahit oluruz, kimi zaman da canlı heykeller çıkartır akımlar karşımıza. Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’le birlikte bir yeniden yapılanma süreci başlar ve kadın kaçınılmaz bir şekilde gerek anıt heykellerin bir parçası olur, gerekse ifadenin yegâne simgesi. Toplumda kadının değişen statüsü ile sanatta da anlatım şekli ve sanat eserinde yer alışı, betimlenmesi değişir. Aşkın, bereketin, acının, fedakârlığın ve çoğu zaman da cinselliğin temsili olarak, heykelin insanoğlunun hayatına girdiği ilk zamanlardan itibaren heykel sanatındaki yerini alır. Heykel Rodin’le birlikte klasik anlamda kadın figüründen kopup dışavurumcu bir anlatım kazanmıştır. 20. yüzyılın heykel sanatında daha sonraları karşımıza çıkacak soyutlamaların başlangıcı niteliğindeki bu büyük değişim, plastik sanatların yeni yeni temellendiği Türkiye’deki sanat alanında da etkisini gösterir. Bu tez dönemlerinin önde gelen heykeltıraşları üzerinden heykeldeki kadın figürüne örnekler verilerek oluşturulmuştur.
Through the time sculpture had various meanings and functions in different societies. In the sculpture art, that has been the expression of bliefs and needs of a community, the meaning of woman figure and the change of it’s form and function has been in various ways. Sometimes her nudity has been concealed with tick drapery, sometimes her breasts and hips are turned to an exaggerated form. The big changes which has started with the Renaissance continues with acceleration. Sometimes we become witnesses of the return of classical figure, sometimes the trends come out with “live sculptures”. In Turkey parallel to the young Republic system, a fresh reconstructing period begins and as a irresistible outcome the woman becomes a part of monuments and even the main symbol of the expression. The representations of woman in art creation and the way of describing her, changes according to the changing status of her in public. She takes her place as the symbol of love, blessing, fertility, self-sacrifice and mostly sensuality in art of sculpture from the day sculpture has existed in human life. Figurative sculpture breaks away from classical woman figure to an expressive line by the time of Rodin. This important breakpoint, which will come out as abstraction in the 20th century art, has also effected Turkish art constructing itself at that time. This research has been prepared via important sculptors of their time by giving examples to the woman figure in the art of sculpture.
Through the time sculpture had various meanings and functions in different societies. In the sculpture art, that has been the expression of bliefs and needs of a community, the meaning of woman figure and the change of it’s form and function has been in various ways. Sometimes her nudity has been concealed with tick drapery, sometimes her breasts and hips are turned to an exaggerated form. The big changes which has started with the Renaissance continues with acceleration. Sometimes we become witnesses of the return of classical figure, sometimes the trends come out with “live sculptures”. In Turkey parallel to the young Republic system, a fresh reconstructing period begins and as a irresistible outcome the woman becomes a part of monuments and even the main symbol of the expression. The representations of woman in art creation and the way of describing her, changes according to the changing status of her in public. She takes her place as the symbol of love, blessing, fertility, self-sacrifice and mostly sensuality in art of sculpture from the day sculpture has existed in human life. Figurative sculpture breaks away from classical woman figure to an expressive line by the time of Rodin. This important breakpoint, which will come out as abstraction in the 20th century art, has also effected Turkish art constructing itself at that time. This research has been prepared via important sculptors of their time by giving examples to the woman figure in the art of sculpture.