Publication: En üstün şair kimdir?” problemi bağlamında asmaî’nin (ö. 216/831) fahl kavramının etimolojik ve terminolojik alanı üzerine bir değerlendirme
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Câhiliye dönemi Arapları, söylediği şiirlerle kabilenin erdemliliklerini ölümsüzleştirmesi dolayısıyla şaire büyük önem atfetmekteydi. Onların nezdinde şair, kabilenin hamisi ve aynı zamanda etrafındaki gelişmeleri edebî bir üslupla kayıt altına alan
genel bir arşivciydi. Öyle ki şair, yeri geldiğinde hasım kabile için amansız bir rakip,
dost kabile için bir gözetici ve kollayıcı, servet sahibi yetkililer için de çevresindekilere nüfuz edebilen bir propagandacı olabilmekteydi. Şair ve şiirin toplumda elde ettiği bu konum, 1./7. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Kur’an’ın nüzul süreciyle beraber dinî boyutu kapsayacak şekilde yeniden şekillenmiştir. Özellikle şiir rivayetinin hız kazandığı
2./8. yüzyılda şiirin üstlendiği misyon, fesahat ve belagat bakımından üstün edebî değere sahip şiirlere olan ilgiyi arttırmıştır. Bu ilgi, tabii olarak mazileri şairlerle dolu
kabileleri muhtelif yöntemlere başvurarak arşivlerini zenginleştirmeye sevk etmiştir.
Söylemedikleri şiirlerin şairlere atfedilmesi, eksik bir şekilde rivayet edilen kasidelerin
başka beyitlerle tamamlanması, şairlere dair aktarılan bilgilerin abartılması mazilerini
canlı tutmak isteyen kabilelerin başvurdukları söz konusu yöntemlere örnek verilebilir. Zamanla bu durum hangi şiirin sahih olduğu ve hangi şairin üstün olduğu meselelerini de çıkmaza sokmuştur. Bir yandan şairlerin şiirlerinin derlendiği, diğer yandan
hangi şiirin kaliteli olduğuna yönelik çalışmaların yapıldığı bu dönemde şair ve şiirler,
uzun zaman boyunca şifahen sürdürülen öznel yargılar çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Bu ise aynı temayı içeren belli sayıda kasideye sahip iki şairden birinin herhangi bir
gerekçelendirme olmadan üstün görüldüğü, diğerinin ise aşağı mertebede kabul edildiği bir ortamın oluşmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Böyle bir dönemde yetişen 3./9. yüzyılın önemli dil ve edebiyat âlimi Asmaî (ö. 216/831), şiir ve şair hakkındaki değerlendirmelerin sınırları belirlenmiş usul ve esaslar çerçevesinde yapılmadığını, bunun da
şiir eleştirisinin tam olarak anlaşılamamasına sebebiyet verdiğini fark etmiştir. Onun
bu farkındalıktan hareketle dönemin şiir ve şair eleştirisinde hâkim olan gerekçelendirme eksikliğini gidermek amacıyla kadim şairler ekseninde yaptığı çalışmalar, şiir
eleştirisi kültürünün gelişimine katkı sağlamıştır. Ayrıca şiir eleştirisinin ancak şiirde
uzman kimselerce yapılabileceğini vurgulayan bu çalışmalar, 3./9. yüzyılda şiir ve şairler hakkındaki bilgi karmaşıklığını da büyük oranda gidermiştir. Şairleri tenkide tabi
tutan Asmaî’nin, öğrencisi Ebû Hâtim’in (ö. 255/869) sorularına verdiği cevaplardan oluşan Fuhûletü’ş-şu‘arâ isimli eseri, şiir eleştirisine dair günümüze ulaşan ilk eser olması ve şiir sanatının hangi kıstaslara tabi tutulduğunu yansıtması açısından önem arz
eder. Asmaî, bu eserinde şair ve şiir eleştirisine dair konuları işlemiş, kendisinden sonraki şiir eleştirisi serüvenini etkileyen birçok kavrama da temas etmiştir. Bu kavramların başında ise tarihi kendisinden önceki yüzyıllara dayanan ve göreceli cevaplara konu
olan “En üstün şair kimdir?” sorusuna makul cevaplar vermek amacıyla tercih ettiği
fahl kavramı gelir. O, bu kavrama bağlı kalarak şiir rivayetinin arttığı bir dönemde bazı
kabile ve râvilerin asabiyet veya kazanç sağlama arzularından ötürü şairler hakkında
yaptıkları gelişigüzel yorumların önüne geçmek istemiştir. Nitekim “Üstün şair budur,
en güzel kaside şudur” şeklindeki kişisel yorumlar, gerçek anlamda edebî değere sahip
şairlerin belirlenmesinde bazı problemlere yol açmıştır. Şairlerin kabiliyet ve yeteneklerini öznel yargılardan ziyade herkes tarafından kabul edilebilecek bir kavramla açıklamaya çalışan Asmaî, bu konuda deve metaforundan esinlenerek fahl kavramını şiir
eleştirisi terminolojisine kazandırmıştır. Arapların belli bir olgunluğa sahip eril, güçlü
ve dayanıklı deveyi nitelemek için kullandıkları bu kavram, Asmaî’nin tanımı sayesinde üstün ve kaliteli şaire delalet edecek şekilde şiir eleştirisi terminolojisine dâhil
edilmiştir. Yaptığı açıklamalardan ve ulaştığı tespitlerden kavramın vaz‘i ve lafzi delaletlerine vâkıf olduğu anlaşılan Asmaî, şairin başka şairlerden üstün olmasına, hikâk
(dört yaşına yeni girmiş) deveden daha güçlü olan fahl deveyi örnek vermiştir. Böylece
sınırları belli olan ve başka cinslere de uyarlanabilen bir tanım geliştirmiştir. Aslında
kendisi, bu tanım üzerinden şiir ve şairlerle ilgili döneminde yaygın olan bilgi karışıklığını ve şiir söylemek ile şair olmak arasındaki farkı izah etmeye çalışmıştır. Nitekim
eserinin ilk satırlarında yaptığı tanımda, şairin fahl olabilmesi için kendisini paydaşlarından veya çağdaşlarından ayıran bir meziyete sahip olması gerektiğini savunmuştur.
Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada şiir eleştirisinin ilk kavramlarından biri olan fahlin kullanım alanı ve şiir terminolojisine nasıl dâhil edildiği incelenmiştir. Şiir eleştirisi terminolojisindeki yansımalarının daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için kavramın Asmaî’den önceki kullanımları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre “erillik” şeklindeki çatı anlama sahip fahlin farklı delaletleri
olmakla beraber şiir eleştirisi bağlamında “üstün ve kaliteli şair” anlamına gelecek biçimde
ilk defa Asmaî tarafından kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespitten hareketle şairleri fahl
olup olmamalarına göre sınıflandıran Asmaî’nin, fahli tanımlama girişiminde tercih ettiği
kelimeler, etraflıca çözümlenmiştir. Çözümleme faaliyeti sırasında kavramın terminolojik
kullanımından önceki delaletleri ile şiir eleştirisi disiplininde kazandığı yeni ve özgün delaletler ayrıca karşılaştırılmıştır. Böylelikle Arapların gündelik hayatlarında kullandıkları
kavramı bir ıstılah hâline getiren Asmaî’nin hangi unsurlara dikkat ettiği ve bu unsurları
pratik anlamda şairler üzerinde nasıl uyguladığı maddeler hâlinde vurgulanmıştır
In the age of ignorance (Jahiliyyah), great importance was attributed to the poet because he or she immortalized the virtues of the tribe with his poems. In this respect, the poet was seen as the protector of the tribe and also as a general archivist who recorded the developments around them in a literary style. This position that the poet and poetry have achieved in society has been reshaped to include the religious dimension with the process of descending from the Qur’an. In particular, the mission undertaken by poetry in the second century of Hijri, that is, in the eighth century AD, when the narrative of poetry gained momentum, increased the interest in poems with superior literary value in terms of fluency (fasahat) and eloquence (balagat). This interest in poetry naturally prompted the tribes to enrich their archives by applying various methods. Misattribution of poems and completion of incompletely narrated odes with other couplets and exaggeration of the information conveyed about poets can be given as examples of the aforementioned methods used by the tribes. Over time, this situation has brought to a dead end the issues of which poem was correct and which poet was superior. In this period, in which the poems were compiled and good quality poems were determined, poets and poems were evaluated within the framework of subjective evaluations carried out orally for a long time. This paved the way for the formation of an atmosphere in which one of the two poets with the same theme and a certain number of eulogies was considered superior without any justification, and the other was considered inferior. Growing up in this period, Asmaʿī (d. 216/831), one of the important language and literature narrators of the third Hijri, i.e. the ninth century AD, realized that the evaluations of poetry and poet were not made within the framework of methods and principles with certain boundaries, which caused the criticism of poetry to be not fully understood. Based on this awareness, his studies on the axis of ancient poets to eliminate the lack of justification prevailing in poetry and poet criticism of the period contributed to the formation of the discipline of poetry criticism. His work, Fuḥulah al-Shu‘ara, which consists of the answers he gave to the questions asked by his student, Abu Hâtim (d. 255/869), is extremely important as it is the first written work on poetry criticism that has survived. In this work, Asmaʿī dealt with the subjects of poet and poetry criticism. He also touched upon many concepts that affected his poetry criticism adventure after him. The concept of “faḥl”, which he preferred to give reasonable and explainable answers to the question of “who is the most superior poet”, whose history dates back to centuries before him and which is subject to relative answers, is one of these concepts. Adhering to this concept, he wanted to prevent the arbitrary comments made by some tribes and narrators about poets because of their desire to gain tribal bondage (asabiyyah) or profit in a period when the narration of poetry increased. Thus, the claims like “this is a superior poet, the best ode is this”, in which personal tendencies predominate, led to some problems in the determination of poets with real literary value. Trying to explain the talents and abilities of poets with a concept that will be accepted by everyone rather than subjective judgments, Asmaʿī, inspired by the camel metaphor, included the concept of faḥl in the terminology of poetry criticism. This concept, which is used by the Arabs to describe the masculine, strong and durable camel with a certain maturity, has been included in the terminology of poetry criticism, denoting a superior and quality poet, thanks to Asmaʿī definition. Asmaʿī, who is aware of the contextual (vaz‘i) and literal indications of the concept, gave the example of the “faḥl camel”, which is stronger than the “hikak camel”, for the poet to be superior to other poets. He argued that for a poet to be faḥl, he must have a virtue that distinguishes him from his peers or contemporaries with whom he shares common characteristics. From this point of view, in this study, the use of faḥl, one of the first concepts of poetry criticism, and how it was included in poetry terminology were examined. To better understand its reflections in the terminology of poetry criticism, the uses of the concept before Asmaʿī were determined and conveyed through examples. Although faḥl, which has the roof meaning of “masculinity”, has different indications, it has been determined that it was used by Asmaʿī for the first time in the context of poetry criticism, meaning “superior and quality poet”. Based on this determination, the words preferred by Asmaʿī, who classified the poets according to whether they were faḥl or not, in his attempt to define faḥl, were analyzed comprehensively. During the analysis, the indications before the terminological use of the concept and the new and original indications gained in the discipline of poetry criticism were also compared. In addition, the elements that Asmaʿī, who made the concept used by the Arabs in their daily lives a term, paid attention to and how he applied these elements to the poets in a practical sense were emphasized.
In the age of ignorance (Jahiliyyah), great importance was attributed to the poet because he or she immortalized the virtues of the tribe with his poems. In this respect, the poet was seen as the protector of the tribe and also as a general archivist who recorded the developments around them in a literary style. This position that the poet and poetry have achieved in society has been reshaped to include the religious dimension with the process of descending from the Qur’an. In particular, the mission undertaken by poetry in the second century of Hijri, that is, in the eighth century AD, when the narrative of poetry gained momentum, increased the interest in poems with superior literary value in terms of fluency (fasahat) and eloquence (balagat). This interest in poetry naturally prompted the tribes to enrich their archives by applying various methods. Misattribution of poems and completion of incompletely narrated odes with other couplets and exaggeration of the information conveyed about poets can be given as examples of the aforementioned methods used by the tribes. Over time, this situation has brought to a dead end the issues of which poem was correct and which poet was superior. In this period, in which the poems were compiled and good quality poems were determined, poets and poems were evaluated within the framework of subjective evaluations carried out orally for a long time. This paved the way for the formation of an atmosphere in which one of the two poets with the same theme and a certain number of eulogies was considered superior without any justification, and the other was considered inferior. Growing up in this period, Asmaʿī (d. 216/831), one of the important language and literature narrators of the third Hijri, i.e. the ninth century AD, realized that the evaluations of poetry and poet were not made within the framework of methods and principles with certain boundaries, which caused the criticism of poetry to be not fully understood. Based on this awareness, his studies on the axis of ancient poets to eliminate the lack of justification prevailing in poetry and poet criticism of the period contributed to the formation of the discipline of poetry criticism. His work, Fuḥulah al-Shu‘ara, which consists of the answers he gave to the questions asked by his student, Abu Hâtim (d. 255/869), is extremely important as it is the first written work on poetry criticism that has survived. In this work, Asmaʿī dealt with the subjects of poet and poetry criticism. He also touched upon many concepts that affected his poetry criticism adventure after him. The concept of “faḥl”, which he preferred to give reasonable and explainable answers to the question of “who is the most superior poet”, whose history dates back to centuries before him and which is subject to relative answers, is one of these concepts. Adhering to this concept, he wanted to prevent the arbitrary comments made by some tribes and narrators about poets because of their desire to gain tribal bondage (asabiyyah) or profit in a period when the narration of poetry increased. Thus, the claims like “this is a superior poet, the best ode is this”, in which personal tendencies predominate, led to some problems in the determination of poets with real literary value. Trying to explain the talents and abilities of poets with a concept that will be accepted by everyone rather than subjective judgments, Asmaʿī, inspired by the camel metaphor, included the concept of faḥl in the terminology of poetry criticism. This concept, which is used by the Arabs to describe the masculine, strong and durable camel with a certain maturity, has been included in the terminology of poetry criticism, denoting a superior and quality poet, thanks to Asmaʿī definition. Asmaʿī, who is aware of the contextual (vaz‘i) and literal indications of the concept, gave the example of the “faḥl camel”, which is stronger than the “hikak camel”, for the poet to be superior to other poets. He argued that for a poet to be faḥl, he must have a virtue that distinguishes him from his peers or contemporaries with whom he shares common characteristics. From this point of view, in this study, the use of faḥl, one of the first concepts of poetry criticism, and how it was included in poetry terminology were examined. To better understand its reflections in the terminology of poetry criticism, the uses of the concept before Asmaʿī were determined and conveyed through examples. Although faḥl, which has the roof meaning of “masculinity”, has different indications, it has been determined that it was used by Asmaʿī for the first time in the context of poetry criticism, meaning “superior and quality poet”. Based on this determination, the words preferred by Asmaʿī, who classified the poets according to whether they were faḥl or not, in his attempt to define faḥl, were analyzed comprehensively. During the analysis, the indications before the terminological use of the concept and the new and original indications gained in the discipline of poetry criticism were also compared. In addition, the elements that Asmaʿī, who made the concept used by the Arabs in their daily lives a term, paid attention to and how he applied these elements to the poets in a practical sense were emphasized.
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ARAZ İ., "“En Üstün Şair Kimdir?” Problemi Bağlamında Asmaî’nin (ö. 216/831) Fahl Kavramının Etimolojik ve Terminolojik Alanı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme", Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, cilt.63, sa.63, ss.1-27, 2022
