Publication: Dilencilik meselesiyle mücadele bağlamında Darülaceze
Abstract
Avrupa’da sanayileşmenin gerçekleşmesi ile birlikte oluşturulmak istenilen yeni ekonomik düzende sadece üretime katkı sunan unsurlar değerli görülmüş ve kapitalizm öncesi dönemde “Tanrı’nın yoksul çocukları” olan dilenciler yeni ekonomik sistemin işleyişine yönelik tehdit, toplumun aksak, hastalıklı ve tedavi edilmesi gereken kesimi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmayı merkeze almakla birlikte idealleştiren bu yeni ekonomik sistem dilencileri zararlı ve tehlikeli, dilenmeyi ise iktisadi ahlak ile çalışma ahlakı ihlali, ahlak dışı ve tembel bir davranış olarak değerlendirerek, dilenciliğe yönelik kınama yüklü bir tutum ve algı oluşturmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti, her ne kadar kapitalist ekonomik düzene geçememiş olsa da sürdürdüğü dilencilikle mücadele yöntemleri, kapitalist ekonomik sistemin gerektirdiği şekilde dilencilikle mücadele eden İngiltere ve Fransa örnekleriyle paralellik taşımaktadır.19. yüzyıla kadar dilenciliği tümüyle ortadan kardırmaya yönelik bir politika sergilemeyen ve çalışabilecek güçte olan dilencilerin üretken kapasitesiyle ilgilenmeyen Osmanlı Devleti’nin, bu yüzyılda nüfusun üretken kapasitesiyle ilgilenmeye başlamasıyla dilencilere yönelik yaklaşımı da değişmiştir. Bu yüzyılda toplum yapısı ve ekonomi anlayışında dilencilik, emek, çalışmak veya işsiz güçsüz olmak, tembellik gibi kavramların eskiye nazaran daha farklı algılarla değerlendirildiğini görüyoruz.Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı Devleti’nde 19. yüzyıl dilenciliğin hangi faktörlere dayalı olarak geliştiği, ekonomik, politik ve kültürel yönleriyle ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca bahse konu yüzyılda çalışma kavramının önem kazanmasıyla birlikte Osmanlı toplumu ve yönetiminin dilencilik meselesine yönelik algı ve mücadele politikalarının ne yönlü değiştiği Darülaceze örneğiyle birlikte anlatılmıştır. Genel olarak artı bir değer oluşturmayan, sokak odaklı bir ekonomik faaliyette bulunan dilencilerin Darülaceze çatısı altında bir iş ile meşgul edilerek, çalıştırma yoluyla ıslah ve terbiye edilerek dönüştürülmelerinde ve tamamen üretim ilişkileri dışında bulunan bu kişilerin işlevsel hale getirilerek ekonomik kalkınmada yer almalarında Darülaceze’nin rolü işlenmiştir.
In the new economic order to be created together with the realization of industrialization in Europe, only the elements contributing to production were valued and the beggars with the Poor Children of God in the pre-capitalism period The threat to the functioning of the society is considered to be the inpatient, diseased and should be treated.This new economic system, which takes the work to the center and idealise the beggars, is harmful and dangerous, and the begging is a violation of economic and working ethics, an immoral and lazy behavior, and a condeming attitude towards begging and perception has created.Although the Ottoman state has not been in the capitalist economic order, the methods of combating the beggars are parallel to the British and French examples that struggle with the beggars as required by the capitalist economic system.The Ottoman state, which is not interested in the productive capacity of the beggars who are unable to demonstrate a policy aimed at eliminating the whole of the beggars until the 19th century, and who are unable to work, are interested in the productive capacity of the population in this century The approach to beggars has also changed.In this century, we see that concepts such as beggars, labour, work or unemployed are being powerless in the sense of community structure and economy, and the concept of laziness is evaluated with different perceptions than the old.In this study, in the Ottoman Empire, the 19th century was developed based on which factors, economic, political and cultural aspects of the beggars.In addition, with the importance of working in the century, the concept of the Ottoman society and its management is described in conjunction with the example of Darülaceze, in which direction the perception and struggle policies for the issue of beggars have changed.In general, the beggars in a street-oriented economic activity that do not constitute a surplus value are occupied by a business under the umbrella of Darülaceze, and are transformed and retrained by operation and are completely out of production relations. The role of Darülaceze in the economic development of these people.
In the new economic order to be created together with the realization of industrialization in Europe, only the elements contributing to production were valued and the beggars with the Poor Children of God in the pre-capitalism period The threat to the functioning of the society is considered to be the inpatient, diseased and should be treated.This new economic system, which takes the work to the center and idealise the beggars, is harmful and dangerous, and the begging is a violation of economic and working ethics, an immoral and lazy behavior, and a condeming attitude towards begging and perception has created.Although the Ottoman state has not been in the capitalist economic order, the methods of combating the beggars are parallel to the British and French examples that struggle with the beggars as required by the capitalist economic system.The Ottoman state, which is not interested in the productive capacity of the beggars who are unable to demonstrate a policy aimed at eliminating the whole of the beggars until the 19th century, and who are unable to work, are interested in the productive capacity of the population in this century The approach to beggars has also changed.In this century, we see that concepts such as beggars, labour, work or unemployed are being powerless in the sense of community structure and economy, and the concept of laziness is evaluated with different perceptions than the old.In this study, in the Ottoman Empire, the 19th century was developed based on which factors, economic, political and cultural aspects of the beggars.In addition, with the importance of working in the century, the concept of the Ottoman society and its management is described in conjunction with the example of Darülaceze, in which direction the perception and struggle policies for the issue of beggars have changed.In general, the beggars in a street-oriented economic activity that do not constitute a surplus value are occupied by a business under the umbrella of Darülaceze, and are transformed and retrained by operation and are completely out of production relations. The role of Darülaceze in the economic development of these people.